Pemain pasar valuta asing | forexjust.com

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Pemain pasar valuta asing | forexjust.com

Pemain pasar valuta asing | forexjust.com: - Sent using Google Toolbar…

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FTTX

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-0ATHc-n8dRTV1KVlV_V3aiTU9qbCAv4BJnWsUEPpe2I0d-GO8ZWTKTUIG58s3JY1-i2D3YwRDzCXsu5cG7QBlrAhXI3U4L20Vdwq9JTMnF4aF9Oxb-6CvlpS_cTiwIgwlOaUm6owHzwn/s1600/fttx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-0ATHc-n8dRTV1KVlV_V3aiTU9qbCAv4BJnWsUEPpe2I0d-GO8ZWTKTUIG58s3JY1-i2D3YwRDzCXsu5cG7QBlrAhXI3U4L20Vdwq9JTMnF4aF9Oxb-6CvlpS_cTiwIgwlOaUm6owHzwn/s1600/fttx.jpg" /></a></div><h2>Ikhtisar</h2>Serat untuk X (FTTX) mengacu pada jaringan broadband yang menggunakan serat optik bukan loop logam khas lokal untuk komunikasi data. Konfigurasi yang berbeda dari FTTX adalah serat ke node (FTTN), serat ke tepi jalan (FTTC), serat ke ruang bawah tanah (FTTB), dan serat ke rumah (FTTH). Semua konfigurasi ini secara kolektif dikenal sebagai serat ke X, dimana X mengacu pada bisnis, tempat, jarak, bangunan, atau aliran serat.<br /> Serat untuk ruang bawah tanah mengacu pada kabel serat optik yang membawa data jaringan dari penyedia layanan Internet untuk membangun pelanggan. Serat ke rumah mengacu pada koneksi jaringan serat berjalan dari kantor pusat ke rumah. Serat untuk node, juga dikenal sebagai serat untuk kabinet (FTT Cab) melibatkan arsitektur telekomunikasi yang dibangun di atas kabel serat optik yang lari ke lemari. Serat untuk mengekang juga dikenal sebagai FTTK dan arsitektur telekomunikasi berbasis pada kabel serat optik. Kabel ini lari ke platform tertentu yang melayani pelanggan lain.<br /> <ul><li>AnimeProviders streaming menggunakan jaringan serat optik meliputi perusahaan kabel, perusahaan telepon, dan perusahaan listrik. Teknologi serat menyediakan perusahaan kabel kemampuan untuk menawarkan lebih banyak saluran dan layanan baru kepada pelanggan. Perusahaan listrik menggunakan serat untuk mengontrol berbagai jenis komponen dalam jaringan mereka.<br /> <h2>Manfaat</h2>FTTX menawarkan keandalan yang lebih dan tidak memerlukan komponen listrik tertentu. Akibatnya, pengguna biaya operasional yang lebih rendah FTTX pengalaman di berbagai bidang seperti pengadaan, pemeliharaan, dan perencanaan. FTTX memberikan bandwidth yang cukup dan kehandalan dengan biaya rendah untuk memenuhi tuntutan konsumen. Digunakan di semua jaringan operator, FTTX memiliki bandwidth yang tinggi dan noise yang rendah. Serat ke jaringan X digunakan untuk koneksi kabel, akses Internet, dan layanan telepon.<br /> <h2>Cara Bekerja</h2>Kabel serat optik diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kategori: modus serat tunggal dan serat multimode. Sebuah serat single mode adalah koneksi tunggal yang meninggalkan kantor pusat. Ketika mencapai tujuan, itu dibagi menjadi serat banyak individu dan didistribusikan ke berbagai pelanggan.<br /> Teknologi yang digunakan adalah disebut Active Optical Network (AON), yang membutuhkan peralatan listrik untuk mendistribusikan sinyal ke switch dan router. Dalam sebuah jaringan optik pasif (PON), sinyal cahaya dibagi di antara semua pelanggan. Sinyal cahaya yang kemudian dikonversikan ke sinyal listrik oleh Optical Network Termination (ONT). ONT memiliki kekuasaan untuk memutuskan untuk menyimpan atau membuang sinyal tergantung pada tujuan. Ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak digunakan, karena menawarkan bandwidth yang luas untuk pelanggan. Karena tidak ada komponen aktif antara penyedia dan lokasi pelanggan, keandalan jaringan juga meningkat.<br /> <h2>Perusahaan / Merek</h2>Enablence dan AFL Telekomunikasi menawarkan solusi jaringan FFTX.<br />  </li> </ul>

FTTX

IkhtisarSerat untuk X (FTTX) mengacu pada jaringan broadband yang menggunakan serat optik bukan loop logam khas lokal untuk komunikasi data. Konfigurasi yang berbeda dari FTTX adalah serat ke node (…

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Internet Calling - VOIP, Internet Phone Costs, Benefits, Companies & More with Internet Corkboard

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYbVvTir2JgB75DUe3gzLQae9Lg4xxE9MPUt7awPFCaiGb-ClhumpR4dPmi1lS983sUN6Jl8Vobb5CGdUPhXjaC5kFBAAKz8Quje816ROjHI_vfbwQ_6yX-JYYXUamc4zdDwgGLNc2ppV/s1600/voip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYbVvTir2JgB75DUe3gzLQae9Lg4xxE9MPUt7awPFCaiGb-ClhumpR4dPmi1lS983sUN6Jl8Vobb5CGdUPhXjaC5kFBAAKz8Quje816ROjHI_vfbwQ_6yX-JYYXUamc4zdDwgGLNc2ppV/s1600/voip.jpg" /></a></div><a href="http://www.internetcorkboard.com/internet-service-providers/internet-calling/"></a><br /> <h2>Ikhtisar</h2>Suara melalui Internet (VoIP) teknologi transmisi Protokol memungkinkan Anda untuk membuat panggilan telepon melalui koneksi Internet broadband Anda. Teknologi ini telah merevolusi komunikasi pribadi dan bisnis dengan mengurangi biaya dan memperluas pilihan yang tersedia bagi pengguna.<br /> VoIP menyediakan solusi murah untuk sistem telepon analog tradisional. Sementara layanan panggilan Internet beberapa mengharuskan Anda untuk memanggil orang dengan layanan yang sama atau perangkat lunak, yang lain termasuk fitur yang memungkinkan Anda untuk memanggil siapa pun di rumah mereka atau telepon genggam. Anda dapat menggunakan jalur darat untuk mengambil panggilan, atau Anda dapat menerima telepon sambil berselancar web. Penyedia layanan telepon layanan Internet menawarkan rencana yang fleksibel dengan kebutuhan unik Anda.<br /> Berikut ini meliputi fitur-fitur yang unik ke VoIP:<br /> <ul><li>Panggilan PC ke PC</li> <li>PC untuk panggilan telepon (kadang-kadang disebut PC2Phone)</li> <li>Sel telepon penerusan</li> <li>Gratis menelepon</li> <li>Sebuah nomor telepon Internet</li> <li>Biaya rendah panggilan internasional</li> <li>Biaya rendah panggilan domestik</li> <li>Voicemail</li> <li>Nomor faks</li> <li>Beberapa saluran telepon</li> </ul><h2>Manfaat</h2><br /> Teknologi VoIP mengurangi biaya rumah tangga dan bisnis komunikasi, khususnya untuk jarak penelepon internasional dan panjang. Lebih dari jalur analog, jarak jauh dan panggilan internasional dapat biaya ratusan dolar. Sebaliknya, layanan broadband telepon menawarkan gratis untuk rencana biaya rendah, dan beberapa penyedia bahkan menawarkan panggilan tidak terbatas untuk tingkat bulanan yang rendah atau biaya tetap. Sebuah keluarga dapat berbicara lebih banyak dengan keluarga mereka, dan bisnis dapat mengurangi biaya berkomunikasi dengan klien di luar negeri, afiliasi, dan mitra.<br /> Panggilan Internet menggunakan layanan digital, yang memiliki kualitas panggilan yang disempurnakan. Lebih dari jalur analog, panggilan telepon internasional tidak selalu memberikan suara yang jernih dan tajam. Layanan telepon VoIP menghilangkan masalah ini. VoIP juga memungkinkan untuk faks kualitas tinggi dan pilihan video conferencing.<br /> <h2>Perusahaan / Merek</h2>Empat perusahaan terkemuka yang menyediakan panggilan Internet termasuk Skype, ViaTalk, Lingo, dan Nextiva.<br /> <ul><li> <b><a href="http://www.jdoqocy.com/click-3639931-10576139" target="_blank">Skype</a>:</b> Skype-to-Skype panggilan adalah gratis apakah Anda menelepon secara internasional atau lokal. Anda tidak terikat kontrak dengan Skype, dan instalasi hanya satu klik. Menyediakan layanan digital kualitas suara yang jernih langsung. Untuk panggilan internasional untuk non-pengguna Skype, Skype menawarkan kompetitif pay-as-you-go rencana. Seiring dengan panggilan Internet, Skype menawarkan layanan video gratis ngobrol juga. Bisnis dapat membuat panggilan konferensi video menggunakan Skype secara gratis. Anda dapat mendownload Skype secara gratis di situs Web mereka.<br /> <a href="http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-3639931-10576254" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.lduhtrp.net/image-3639931-10576254" width="468" /></a></li> <li> <b><a href="http://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-3639931-10410867" target="_blank">ViaTalk</a>:</b>ViaTalk memberikan rencana panggilan domestik dan internasional untuk pengguna bisnis dan perumahan. Setiap paket dilengkapi dengan sekitar 40 pilihan, termasuk caller ID, call forwarding, dan merekam panggilan. ViaTalk juga memungkinkan pelanggan untuk memeriksa pesan suara melalui telepon atau online oleh browser atau e-mail. ViaTalk juga menyediakan fitur opsional termasuk nomor telepon virtual, dukungan kelas bisnis, layanan bebas pulsa, dan layanan faks. ViaTalk menawarkan rencana penagihan yang fleksibel mulai dari 1 bulan sampai 24 siklus bulan. Klien perumahan dan perusahaan dapat memilih dari 500 menit atau rencana terbatas menit. Rencana Bisnis Terbatas ViaTalk yang mencakup garis faks gratis sementara rencana perumahan terbatas mereka termasuk dua saluran telepon dan satu tahun bebas dari layanan. Untuk biaya tambahan, pelanggan dapat meng-upgrade ke rencana internasional yang mencakup panggilan ke lebih dari 60 negara di seluruh dunia. Pelanggan dapat memilih untuk menyediakan peralatan telepon mereka sendiri.<br /> <a href="http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-3639931-10406723" target="_blank"><img alt="VoIP Phone Service" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.awltovhc.com/image-3639931-10406723" width="468" /></a></li> <li> <b><a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-3639931-10503347" target="_blank">Lingo</a>: </b>Lingo adalah telepon layanan broadband yang menyediakan rencana untuk rumah dan bisnis. Untuk bisnis, Lingo menawarkan rencana untuk 500, 2000, dan menit tak terbatas. Rencana ini termasuk panggilan di AS dan luar negeri. Lingo juga menawarkan pilihan untuk peralatan gratis, satu bulan gratis, baris tambahan, dan 30-hari garansi uang kembali. Lingo juga memungkinkan perusahaan untuk menyimpan nomor telepon mereka saat ini. Pelanggan perumahan dapat memilih dari dua rencana menelepon. Satu rencana menawarkan panggilan tidak terbatas ke mana saja di dunia, dan rencana lainnya menawarkan panggilan tidak terbatas ke mana saja di AS dan Kanada. Bisnis dan perumahan Lingo yang datang dengan layanan lebih dari 20 fitur dan manfaat termasuk panggilan tunggu, * 69, kecepatan dial, dan anonim penolakan panggilan.<br /> <a href="http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-3639931-10667654" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.tqlkg.com/image-3639931-10667654" width="468" /></a></li> <li> <b><a href="http://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-3639931-10644655" target="_blank">Nextiva</a>:</b>Nextiva menyediakan dua rencana bisnis. Rencana ini mencakup 25 fitur canggih dan ideal untuk perusahaan berkembang. Sistem telepon datang dengan auto-petugas yang diarahkan ke depan dan panggilan. Rencana juga memungkinkan penelepon untuk membuat dan menjawab panggilan dari ponsel yang sudah ada atau PC. Pelanggan memiliki pilihan untuk memilih nomor lokal atau bebas pulsa. Nextiva menyediakan pilihan fleksibel untuk bisnis tanpa biaya mengatur atau kontrak.<br /> <a href="http://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-3639931-10644664" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.lduhtrp.net/image-3639931-10644664" width="468" /></a></li> </ul><h2>Cara Bekerja</h2>Teknologi VoIP membutuhkan koneksi broadband dalam bentuk modem kabel, digital subscriber line (DSL), atau layanan serat optik. Penyedia panggilan internet mengkonversi suara Anda menjadi sinyal digital yang dikirimkan melalui koneksi Internet Anda. Seorang pengguna dapat membuat atau menerima panggilan telepon melalui komputer, headset, atau peralatan telepon tradisional. Jika Anda menelepon jalur analog, sinyal telepon akan dikonversi dari digital ke analog. Demikian pula, sinyal analog akan dikonversikan ke sinyal digital jika pengguna akhir mengambil panggilan pada saluran VoIP.<br /> Tergantung pada paket layanan Anda, Anda dapat menempatkan dan menerima panggilan pada komputer atau telepon. Beberapa perangkat lunak instant messaging akan memungkinkan Anda untuk membuat PC ke PC atau telepon panggilan video dengan orang di daftar teman Anda. Untuk panggilan PC ke PC, kedua belah pihak harus terhubung ke penyedia internet broadband. Untuk PC untuk panggilan telepon, hanya satu pihak membutuhkan akses internet.

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Internet Calling - VOIP, Internet Phone Costs, Benefits, Companies & More with Internet Corkboard

IkhtisarSuara melalui Internet (VoIP) teknologi transmisi Protokol memungkinkan Anda untuk membuat panggilan telepon melalui koneksi Internet broadband Anda. Teknologi ini telah merevolusi komunika…

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Broadband - Biaya Internet Kecepatan Tinggi, Manfaat, Perusahaan & Lebih dengan corkboard internet

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QiIMKZNBOYHDh2PFqEiCpSk08GhvHsKANx-0J0DfHhSmS35qXlDgX9Ebe8slmXJDE6qmcUIz-_En7QirGY0gjYNEWN1oecbIgvpZxiV0ZWJd8-ywSydEkWgO8K4x9jpQFFCSdGaE7MQ/s1600/broadband.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4QiIMKZNBOYHDh2PFqEiCpSk08GhvHsKANx-0J0DfHhSmS35qXlDgX9Ebe8slmXJDE6qmcUIz-_En7QirGY0gjYNEWN1oecbIgvpZxiV0ZWJd8-ywSydEkWgO8K4x9jpQFFCSdGaE7MQ/s1600/broadband.jpg" /></a></div><h2>Broadband</h2>Broadband mengacu ke jaringan data yang memiliki frekuensi band besar. Karena band ini luas, beberapa sinyal dapat ditransmisikan pada waktu yang sama. Suara, video, dan sinyal data dapat dikirim melalui koneksi broadband tunggal. Koneksi broadband memungkinkan orang untuk mengakses Internet dengan kecepatan tinggi. Berbagai jenis koneksi broadband termasuk internet kabel, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), satelit, VOIP, T1, dan kabel DS3.<br /> Koneksi broadband telah merevolusi cara orang mengakses Internet. Pada generasi sebelumnya, orang hanya bisa mengakses Internet melalui lambat dan mahal layanan dial-up. Sekarang, orang dapat mengakses internet secara efisien dan cepat dengan biaya terjangkau.<br /> <h2>Kabel</h2>Rencana akses internet kabel yang tersedia melalui penyedia televisi kabel. Garis kabel yang sama dapat digunakan untuk menonton televisi dan mengakses Internet. Anda dapat menonton TV, berbicara di telepon, dan surfing internet secara bersamaan. Koaksial kabel yang mentransfer sinyal ke televisi Anda juga mentransfer data ke dan dari komputer Anda. Anda akan membutuhkan modem kabel, router, kartu Ethernet dan router untuk mengatur jaringan rumah Anda.<br /> <h2>Nirkabel</h2>Akses Internet nirkabel tidak memerlukan kabel atau "kawat." Anda bahkan tidak perlu router untuk beberapa pengguna untuk mengakses layanan nirkabel yang sama. Dengan Internet nirkabel, Internet Service Provider (ISP) mengirimkan sinyal sebagai sinyal radio ke menara. Hal ini mirip dengan bagaimana sebuah operator telepon seluler mendistribusikan sinyal. Banyak penyedia mengoperasikan menara tersebut, sehingga Internet nirkabel tersedia secara luas. <br /> <h2>Satelit</h2>Satelit adalah bentuk lain dari layanan broadband yang digunakan untuk akses Internet kecepatan tinggi. Anda dapat memilih opsi ini apabila DSL, kabel, atau layanan nirkabel tidak tersedia di wilayah Anda. Sebuah piring akan dipasang di dekat rumah Anda atau perusahaan yang mengambil sinyal dikirim dari satelit. Internet satelit cenderung biaya lebih dari pilihan Internet broadband lainnya.<br /> <h2>DSL</h2>Sebuah Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) koneksi menyediakan akses Internet kecepatan tinggi. Anda dapat mengakses Internet menggunakan saluran telepon yang terhubung ke modem di komputer. DSL tidak mengganggu layanan telepon Anda, dan Anda dapat menggunakan telepon dan akses Internet pada saat yang sama. Keuntungan lain dari menggunakan DSL untuk koneksi internet adalah bahwa Anda tidak perlu dial-up setiap kali Anda ingin terhubung ke Internet. Beberapa pengguna pada jaringan area lokal (LAN) dapat mengakses Internet secara bersamaan.<br /> <h2>VOIP</h2><br /> Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) adalah teknologi yang menyediakan layanan telepon melalui koneksi Internet Anda. Suara diubah menjadi paket digital dan ditransmisikan melalui Internet. Ketika mencapai tujuannya, ia diubah kembali menjadi sinyal telepon biasa. Dengan VOIP, Anda dapat memanggil nomor telepon biasa, dan Anda bahkan dapat menggunakan peralatan telepon standar Anda. VOIP memungkinkan rencana biaya rendah panggilan internasional dan nasional.<br /> <h2>T1</h2>Sebuah garis T1 adalah garis telepon yang baik garis tembaga atau kabel serat optik. Kecepatan transfer data lebih cepat di T1 bila dibandingkan dengan koneksi dial-up. T1 baris biasanya digunakan dalam bisnis yang perlu beberapa data dan koneksi suara.<br /> <h2>DS3</h2>Digital Signal 3 (DS3) line adalah koneksi internet kecepatan tinggi yang menyediakan sangat cepat kecepatan download dan upload. Sebuah DS3 menyediakan pilihan yang terjangkau untuk bisnis yang membutuhkan koneksi internet lebar band tinggi. Sebuah garis DS3 memiliki 28 garis T1, dan masing-masing saluran mampu mengirimkan data pada kecepatan 64 Kbps.<br /> <h2>FTTX</h2>Serat untuk X (FTTX) adalah istilah umum untuk setiap arsitektur yang menggunakan serat optik bukan kabel tembaga biasa untuk komunikasi. Ada variasi yang berbeda dari FTTX yang diklasifikasikan atas dasar penggunaan serat. Berbagai jenis FTTX termasuk serat-ke-rumah-(FTTH), serat-ke-pinggir jalan-(FTTC), serat-to-the-node (FTTN), dan serat-to-the-lokal (FTTP) .

Broadband - Biaya Internet Kecepatan Tinggi, Manfaat, Perusahaan & Lebih dengan corkboard internet

BroadbandBroadband mengacu ke jaringan data yang memiliki frekuensi band besar. Karena band ini luas, beberapa sinyal dapat ditransmisikan pada waktu yang sama. Suara, video, dan sinyal data dapat d…

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Layanan Internet

<div class="NoAdsBody"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl91hpEtaqe0SntL-4433JBOxfu8qkJj90dxkpep0PQZtnFRYmdd0djG3nTJ2Q6Bs3QONNVDOhG3QajQrM19TGy5aXRrxKK1Yla_KI1pbEF4IkgH1jzoTEdTYMz7UADs4FKPmHQWNtQQBa/s1600/internet-service-providers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl91hpEtaqe0SntL-4433JBOxfu8qkJj90dxkpep0PQZtnFRYmdd0djG3nTJ2Q6Bs3QONNVDOhG3QajQrM19TGy5aXRrxKK1Yla_KI1pbEF4IkgH1jzoTEdTYMz7UADs4FKPmHQWNtQQBa/s1600/internet-service-providers.jpg" /></a></div><h2>Layanan Internet</h2>Internet Service Provider (ISP) atau Penyedia Akses Internet (IAP) menawarkan layanan rencana untuk akses Internet. Mereka akan memungut biaya bulanan atau tahunan dalam pertukaran untuk hak akses internet. Anda dapat memilih rencana berdasarkan kecepatan internet, dan kemungkinan besar, telepon yang ada atau penyedia layanan Internet kabel menawarkan. Anda dapat memilih layanan dial-up atau koneksi broadband jika Anda membutuhkan kecepatan lebih cepat. Anda akan membutuhkan perangkat keras termasuk modem, router, kartu nirkabel, dan kabel jaringan untuk mengakses Internet. ISP Anda mungkin menyediakan ini untuk Anda sebagai bagian dari langganan Anda.<br /> <h2>Broadband</h2>Broadband adalah istilah generik yang mengacu pada lebar pita yang mentransfer sinyal secara bersamaan. Sebuah band tunggal dapat digunakan untuk mentransfer data, suara, dan sinyal digital. Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), kabel, T1, DS3, dan Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) beberapa mode digunakan untuk koneksi internet broadband. Sebuah koneksi broadband jauh lebih cepat daripada dial-up internet. Jika Anda mentransfer sejumlah besar data termasuk musik, gambar, atau video, Anda mungkin akan ingin internet broadband. Dengan Internet broadband, Anda dapat dengan mudah streaming acara televisi dan transfer data. Anda juga dapat menggunakan saluran telepon Anda saat online. Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) menawarkan layanan telepon melalui koneksi internet broadband Anda.<br /> Cara lain untuk akses Internet broadband adalah melalui satelit. Dalam metode ini, piring mengirim dan menerima sinyal digital. Ini jenis akses internet tidak lebih baik jika Anda berada di daerah pedesaan dimana pilihan-pilihan lain mungkin tidak tersedia.<br /> Kabel akses internet disediakan oleh operator TV kabel. Sinyal televisi dan sinyal data yang ditransmisikan melalui kabel yang sama. Filter yang hadir dalam kabel yang memisahkan sinyal-sinyal, sehingga Anda dapat menonton televisi dan akses internet pada saat yang sama.<br /> <h2>Dial-Up</h2>Jika Anda ingin terhubung ke Internet menggunakan dial-up akses Internet, maka Anda memerlukan saluran telepon dan modem. Ini jenis akses Internet sangat banyak digunakan karena saluran telepon secara universal tersedia. Saluran telepon terhubung ke modem di komputer. Modem ini dapat berupa internal atau eksternal. Bila Anda ingin akses ke Internet, Anda harus dial nomor yang diberikan oleh Internet Service Provider. Melalui saluran telepon, Anda akan membangun koneksi dengan ISP yang akan memungkinkan Anda untuk mengakses Internet. Dial-up internet tersedia secara luas, tetapi lambat, dan Anda tidak dapat membuat panggilan telepon ketika Anda sedang online.<br /> <h2>Internet Perangkat Keras</h2>Untuk mengakses Internet, Anda akan memerlukan modem, komputer, router dan kabel yang relevan. Untuk akses dial-up, Anda akan memerlukan modem dial-up dan kabel telepon. Untuk akses broadband, Anda akan memerlukan modem yang relevan dan kabel Ethernet. Jika Anda ingin mengakses Internet secara bersamaan dari lebih dari satu komputer, Anda akan perlu untuk membuat sebuah jaringan area lokal (LAN) untuk Internet broadband Anda. Untuk mengatur LAN, Anda akan memerlukan router, LAN card, dan kabel Ethernet untuk setiap komputer. Anda juga dapat membeli router nirkabel. Jika komputer Anda memiliki kartu nirkabel, mereka dapat bergabung dalam jaringan ini. Router telah dibangun pada pilihan privasi yang memungkinkan Anda untuk membatasi akses. Dengan perangkat keras komputer yang tepat, Anda dapat meningkatkan kecepatan transmisi data.</div>

Layanan Internet

Layanan InternetInternet Service Provider (ISP) atau Penyedia Akses Internet (IAP) menawarkan layanan rencana untuk akses Internet. Mereka akan memungut biaya bulanan atau tahunan dalam pertukaran u…

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Top 7 Internet Businesses to Start in 2012.

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The U.S. needs more startups to stay competitive, a Federal Reserve official said Thursday.<br /><br />Dennis Lockhart, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, spoke at the Conference on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in Washington and had this to say, “If we want to grow jobs, one place we should look is to startups and young businesses, especially scalable-growth businesses that often set out to commercialize innovation,”<br /><br />He noted that research shows that with regard to job creation, its new businesses that make the most difference in creating jobs. He cited a 2010 Kauffman Foundation study showing that just one percent of employer businesses–those growing the fastest–generate roughly 40 percent of new jobs in a given year. Three-quarters of those businesses are less than five years old.<br /><br />Finally a government official saying something I agree with! The key to our economic recovery lies in the hands of entrepreneurs. Not big companies!<br /><br />But if you want to help the economy and your bank account what businesses are best to start-up? Here’s a list of the top seven internet businesses set to soar in 2012.<br /><br /><b>1.    E-commerce</b><br /><br />E-commerce simply refers to online businesses that sell a product or service. When deciding what product or service to sell keep in mind the best sellers are always the ones that solve customers’ problems. Hair ties solve bad hair days. Fishing lures solve the lack of catching fish.<br /><br />Can’t think of a product to sell? No problem, join an affiliate program. Affiliates are entrepreneurs who make commissions every time they make a sale of another company’s product/service. Most affiliate programs offer commissions of 50 percent or higher! It’s a great way for new businesses to make some easy cash before they get their own products up and running.<br /><br />As an added bonus most affiliate programs are free to join. Once you sign up you get your own affiliate code to track how many units you are selling. As an affiliate you don’t have to deal with answering customer questions or billing issues. You just sit back and collect a check each time a sale is made.<br /><br /><b>2.    Information Marketing</b><br /><br />This type of internet business doesn’t sell products or services, it only sells information. If you are pretty well versed about a particular topic then this is the type of business you should start. Write manuals and how to guides for customers to buy about anything related to your niche. This is a great business because your product development costs are virtually zero. You never have to pay for packaging or shipping because all of your information can be sent electronically.<br /><br /><b>3.    Cater to Baby-boomers</b><br /><br />The biggest demographic group in the United States is baby-boomers. They also currently have the biggest purchasing power of any age group as well. So it makes sense to start a business that targets them and their needs.<br /><br />These aging Americans will do just about anything to hold onto their youth. They are particularly interested in beauty treatments, nutrition and pain relief. Look for products like anti-aging, joint pain relievers and supplements to capture these boomers retirement dollars. The best part is these types of products don’t have to have FDA approval which cuts through a lot of the governmental red tape.<br /><br /><b>4.    Consultants</b><br /><br />A lot of times people are too scared to become internet business owners because they don’t think they have anything that anyone wants. That couldn’t be farther from the truth. All of us have acquired skills over our careers that others are willing to pay us for. This is especially true if you’ve ever worked in the service industry. Accountants, lawyers, customer service representatives will always be in demand.<br /><br />Even if you haven’t spent any of your career in the service industry there are still plenty of opportunities for you to sell your knowledge to other businesses. You just need to look at your skills as an asset. Think about how you can help other businesses improve. Being a consultant can be a part-time or full-time money making job. You can add it to the other product/information you sell or make it your sole business.<br /><br /><b>5.    Cater to the current baby boom</b><br /><br />All good business owners are constantly on the lookout for  new market niches they can sell to. The fastest growing niche? The current baby boom. New parents will pay hand over foot for toys, electronics, nutrition, and anything that will make their child better, faster, smarter than the neighbor’s child.<br /><br />6.    Business to Business. Services for internet business owners. Web design, hosting, accounting, writing, editing,<br /><br />An often forgotten way of doing business is between companies rather than between companies and customers. Although early interest centered on the growth of e-commerce, forecasts are that B2B revenue will far exceed business-to-consumers revenue in 2012. Entrepreneurs that focus on selling products/services/information/consulting to other internet businesses will see the most profit. Services like web design, hosting, writing, editing, blogging, product development, marketing, etc will always be in demand between businesses. If you can get a couple of clients on board you can quickly build a reputation that will far out way your work scope.<br /><br /><b>7.    Social media management. </b><br /><br />Social media has given us a whole new set of marketing channels to master. When we were in school no one was teaching us how to make money with Twitter, Facebook, or LinkedIn. We’ve had to figure it out ourselves. Some businesses still haven’t quite figured it out. Those of us that understand that social media is an ongoing conversation and a way to interact with our customers have the opportunity to help other businesses with their social media efforts. You don’t have to be a 15 year old to get this business. You just need to understand the fundamentals of social media. When you do you can offer up your services to companies big and small, to teach them how to best utilize social media to benefit their business.<br /><br />By no means is this meant to be an exhaustive list of all the types of internet businesses one can start and be profitable with. It is meant to be a list of the EASTIEST and most PROFITABLE types of businesses entrepreneurs can start in 2012. My efforts are solely based on my desire to help you line your pockets with cash. I hope you prosper in 2012.</div>

Top 7 Internet Businesses to Start in 2012.

The U.S. needs more startups to stay competitive, a Federal Reserve official said Thursday.Dennis Lockhart, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, spoke at the Conference on Small Bu…

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Land and Power

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="content-header"><h1 class="title with-subtitle"></h1><h2 class="title subtitle">The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land</h2></div><div class="content"><b>The new wave of land deals is not the new investment in agriculture that millions had been waiting for. The poorest people are being hardest hit as competition for land intensifies. Oxfam’s research has revealed that residents regularly lose out to local elites and domestic or foreign investors because they lack the power to claim their rights effectively and to defend and advance their interests.</b><br /><br />Companies and governments must take urgent steps to improve land rights outcomes for people living in poverty. Power relations between investors and local communities must also change if investment is to contribute to rather than undermine the food security and livelihoods of local communities.<br /><br /><h3>Key recommendations</h3><ul><li><b>The rights of the communities affected by these deals must be respected</b> and their grievances addressed, and those who are profiting from the international deals must help to ensure this happens. Those financing and sourcing from land acquisition projects, and companies further down the value chain, must use their influence to ensure that this happens.</li><br /><li><b>The balance of power must be shifted</b> in favor of local rights-holders and communities. Governments should adopt strong, internationally-applicable standards on good governance relating to land tenure and management of natural resources.</li><br /><li><b>Host governments should respect and protect all existing land use rights</b>, and ensure that the principle of free, prior, and informed consent is followed and that women have equal rights to access and control over land.</li><br /><li><b>Investors should respect all existing land use rights.</b> They should make sure that the principle of free, prior, and informed consent is followed in all agreements, as well as seeking alternatives to the transfer of land rights from small-scale food producers.</li><br /><li><b>Financiers and buyers should accept full supply-chain responsibility.</b> They should require all agricultural operations that they finance or use as suppliers to follow the principles set out above, and remedy existing problems.</li><br /><li><b>Home country governments should require companies investing overseas to fully disclose their activities</b>, and ensure that standards and safeguards are implemented to protect small-scale food producers and local populations, including through development finance organizations.</li><br /></ul><div id="tags"><div class="item-list"><div id="content-header"><h1 class="title with-subtitle">Tanah dan Power</h1><h2 class="title subtitle">Skandal tumbuh sekitar gelombang baru investasi di tanah</h2></div><b>Gelombang baru dari penawaran tanah bukanlah investasi baru di bidang pertanian bahwa jutaan telah menunggu. Orang-orang miskin sedang yang paling terpukul karena persaingan untuk mengintensifkan lahan. Penelitian Oxfam telah mengungkapkan bahwa warga teratur kalah dengan elit lokal dan investor domestik maupun asing karena mereka tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk mengklaim hak-hak mereka secara efektif dan untuk membela dan memajukan kepentingan mereka.</b><br /><br />Perusahaan dan pemerintah harus mengambil langkah mendesak untuk meningkatkan hak atas tanah hasil untuk orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan. Kekuatan hubungan antara investor dan masyarakat lokal juga harus berubah jika investasi untuk berkontribusi daripada merusak keamanan pangan dan mata pencaharian masyarakat lokal.<br /><br /><h3>Kunci rekomendasi</h3><ul><li><b>Hak-hak masyarakat yang terkena dampak transaksi ini harus dihormati</b> dan keluhan mereka ditangani, dan mereka yang mengambil keuntungan dari transaksi internasional harus membantu untuk memastikan hal ini terjadi. Mereka pembiayaan dan sumber dari proyek-proyek akuisisi tanah, dan perusahaan lebih bawah rantai nilai, harus menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk memastikan bahwa hal ini terjadi.</li><br /><li><b>Keseimbangan kekuasaan harus bergeser</b> mendukung hak-pemegang lokal dan komunitas. Pemerintah harus mengadopsi kuat, standar internasional yang berlaku tentang tata pemerintahan yang baik yang berkaitan dengan penguasaan lahan dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam.</li><br /><li><b>Pemerintah tuan rumah harus menghormati dan melindungi semua hak penggunaan lahan yang ada</b>, Dan memastikan bahwa prinsip bebas, persetujuan, dan informasi adalah diikuti dan bahwa wanita memiliki hak yang sama untuk akses dan kontrol atas tanah.</li><br /><li><b>Investor harus menghormati semua hak guna lahan yang ada.</b> Mereka harus memastikan bahwa prinsip persetujuan bebas, didahulukan, dan diinformasikan diikuti dalam semua perjanjian, serta alternatif berusaha untuk pengalihan hak tanah dari skala kecil produsen makanan.</li><br /><li><b>Pemodal dan pembeli harus menerima penuh tanggung jawab rantai pasokan.</b> Mereka harus mewajibkan semua operasi pertanian yang mereka keuangan atau digunakan sebagai pemasok untuk mengikuti prinsip-prinsip diatas, dan obat masalah yang ada.</li><br /><li><b>Rumah pemerintah negara harus mewajibkan perusahaan investasi luar negeri untuk sepenuhnya mengungkapkan kegiatan mereka</b>, Dan memastikan bahwa standar dan perlindungan diimplementasikan untuk melindungi produsen makanan skala kecil dan penduduk lokal, termasuk melalui organisasi keuangan pembangunan.</li><br /></ul><div id="dropin-items"><div id="attachments"><div id="attachments-inner"><div class="item-list"><h3>Downloads</h3><ul id="attachments-list"><li class="first"><div class="file-item"><div class="file-item-item file-icon"><img alt="bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-summ-en.pdf" height="48" src="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/themes/oxizen/images/icons/pdf.png" title="Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land (summary)" width="48" /></div><div class="file-item-item file-data"><div class="file-link"><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-summ-en.pdf">Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land (summary)</a></div><div class="file-size">153.5 KB</div></div></div></li><br /><li class="last"><div class="file-item"><div class="file-item-item file-icon"><img alt="bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf" height="48" src="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/themes/oxizen/images/icons/pdf.png" title="Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land" width="48" /></div><div class="file-item-item file-data"><div class="file-link"><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf">Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land</a></div><div class="file-size">548.51 KB</div></div></div></li><br /></ul></div></div></div></div><br /><br /><ul></ul></div></div></div></div>

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Land and Power

The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in landThe new wave of land deals is not the new investment in agriculture that millions had been waiting for. The poorest people are bein…

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Oxfam menyerukan perusahaan kelapa sawit untuk memperbaiki pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat di Indonesia

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="dropin-items"><div class="pullquotes"><div class="quote">“If Sime Darby doesn’t budge, it should feel the consequences. The affected farmers have that right”</div><cite></cite><br /><br /><div class="quotee">Farah Karimi</div><div class="quoteorg">General Director of Oxfam Novib (Netherlands)</div><div class="quoteorg"></div></div></div><div id="content-area"><div class="node node node-type-oxpressrelease" id="node-7475"><div class="node-inner"><div class="content"><b>Oxfam menuntut bahwa Malaysia multinasional, Sime Darby, kesalahan hak cepat di perkebunan pohon kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia.</b><br /><br />Dalam laporannya <b><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/en/grow/policy/land-and-power">Tanah dan Power</a></b> dipublikasikan bulan lalu, Oxfam mengungkapkan sengketa panjang-berdiri di sebuah perkebunan kelapa sawit milik Sime Darby, yang berasal dari Sime Darby sebelum membeli perkebunan. Meskipun janji sejak 2007, Sime Darby belum mengambil tindakan untuk memperbaiki situasi.<br /><br /><b>Kecuali Sime Darby menghasilkan rencana aksi konkret</b> untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dengan 23 Oktober, Oxfam akan mengajukan keluhan resmi kepada Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) yang Sime Darby menjadi anggota. RSPO adalah sebuah kemitraan global produsen, pedagang dan produsen merek yang menggunakan kelapa sawit dalam produk mereka. Anggota RSPO telah berjanji untuk membuat produksi minyak sawit berkelanjutan dengan mengikuti standar global untuk produksi dan pembelian. Oxfam adalah anggota RSPO untuk memastikan bahwa kepentingan masyarakat setempat, petani kecil dan buruh, yang dibahas dalam produksi minyak sawit.<br /><br /><b>Pekan lalu keluhan diajukan di RSPO</b> terhadap Sime Darby oleh kelompok kampanye internasional, Forest Peoples Programme, bersama dengan organisasi Liberia. Di Liberia Sime Darby juga dituduh ilegal penyitaan tanah dari petani lokal, yang melanggar prosedur RSPO.<br /><br />Farah Karimi, direktur umum dari Oxfam Novib (Belanda) berkata: "Tidak dapat diterima untuk perusahaan-perusahaan minyak sawit seperti Sime Darby untuk mengabaikan hak-hak dan kebutuhan masyarakat setempat. Anggota Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil bersatu dalam pengakuan mereka bahwa sesuatu telah berubah di sektor minyak sawit. Sekarang adalah waktu untuk bertindak. "<br /><br />Oxfam telah menjadi anggota aktif RSPO selama tujuh tahun dan membantu menciptakan prosedur pengaduan yang memungkinkan masyarakat untuk mengeluh secara langsung tentang pelanggaran. Prosedur ini penting karena banyak penguasa lokal dan sistem hukum di negara-negara yang terlibat dalam produksi minyak kelapa sawit tidak menjunjung hak-hak masyarakat dalam sengketa tanah.<br /><br /><b>"Kami bergabung RSPO karena tidak ada pilihan lain</b> bagi masyarakat untuk mengklaim hak-hak mereka. Semua anggota RSPO telah berkomitmen untuk operasi yang berkelanjutan. Sekarang saatnya untuk panggilan ke account anggota yang melanggar komitmen ini. Ada prosedur keluhan dan mekanisme sanksi. Jika Sime Darby tidak bergerak, harus merasakan akibatnya. Para petani yang terkena hak itu, "kata Karimi.<br /><br />Sime Darby telah menyatakan bahwa tujuannya adalah untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini secepat mungkin. Oxfam akan terus memantau Sime Darby kritis, bersama-sama dengan anggota lain dari RSPO, termasuk organisasi Indonesia, Sawit Watch, yang secara langsung mendukung orang-orang di Kalimantan Barat.<br /><br /><div class="field field-type-text field-field-notestoeditors"><div class="field-label"><h3 class="title">Catatan untuk Editor</h3></div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><ol><li><b>Pada pertengahan 1990-an anak perusahaan saat Sime Darby</b>mulai perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Sanggau di Barat Kalimintan. Dua puluh empat komunitas kehilangan bagian besar dari tanah mereka. Isu-isu utama yang mendasari dalam konflik ini adalah: <ul><li><b>Peruntukan lahan berdasarkan informasi palsu.</b> Masyarakat diberitahu bahwa mereka akan sewa tanah kepada perusahaan untuk lingkaran kehidupan pohon palem (25 tahun) dan menandatangani surat-surat yang mereka pikir merupakan sewa di tanah mereka. Tapi surat-surat memungkinkan perusahaan untuk memiliki status tanah berubah, sesuatu yang masyarakat tidak menyadari.</li><br /><li><b>Janji yang belum terpenuhi.</b> Sebagai imbalan perusahaan berjanji untuk membangun fasilitas, seperti jalan, sekolah, rumah dan klinik. Hanya beberapa dari fasilitas tersebut telah dibangun.</li><br /><li><b>Skema tanah.</b> Dari 7,5 hektar bahwa setiap keluarga menyerahkan mereka dijanjikan untuk mendapatkan 2 hektar kembali, ditanami dengan kelapa sawit. Namun dalam praktek dan untuk beberapa alasan sebagian besar keluarga mendapat kurang yang tidak cukup untuk hidup dari.</li><br /></ul>Sime Darby mengklaim bahwa undang-undang nasional dipenuhi pada waktu itu.</li><br /><li><b>Internasional Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</b> adalah upaya bersama oleh banyak stakeholder yang terlibat dalam industri kelapa sawit termasuk produsen, prosesor, produsen, pengecer, investor dan LSM lingkungan dan pembangunan. RSPO merupakan 50% dari produksi global, dan diperkirakan 15% dari pasar. Hal ini mendorong produksi dan penggunaan minyak sawit berkelanjutan melalui transparansi pasar swa-regulasi, dan multi-stakeholder dialog.</li><br /><li><b>Pada tanggal 22 September, Oxfam meluncurkan sebuah laporan baru yang besar, <a href="http://www.oxfam.org/en/grow/policy/land-and-power" rel="nofollow">Tanah dan Power</a></b> menyoroti laju pertumbuhan transaksi tanah ditengahi seluruh dunia, dengan sebanyak 227 juta hektar dijual, disewakan atau berlisensi dalam skala besar ke tanah sejak tahun 2001. Beberapa transaksi adalah dalam 'perampasan tanah' fakta dimana hak-hak dan kebutuhan masyarakat yang tinggal di tanah diabaikan, meninggalkan mereka tunawisma dan tanpa lahan cukup untuk tumbuh cukup makanan untuk makan dan mencari nafkah.</li><br /></ol></div></div></div><div id="tags"><div class="item-list"></div></div></div><div class="links"></div></div></div></div><div class="block block-shurly_integration region-odd odd region-count-1 count-9 no-subject" id="block-shurly_integration-0"><div class="block-inner"><div class="content"><b>Permalink: </b> <a href="http://oxf.am/4HU">http://oxf.am/4HU</a> </div></div></div></div>

Oxfam menyerukan perusahaan kelapa sawit untuk memperbaiki pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat di Indonesia

“If Sime Darby doesn’t budge, it should feel the consequences. The affected farmers have that right”Farah KarimiGeneral Director of Oxfam Novib (Netherlands)Oxfam menuntut bahwa Malaysia multinasiona…

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Hydroponics

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="MainTxt"><span class="hw"></span><br /><br /><dl><dd><i>For the Soup Dragons album, see Hydrophonic.</i></dd></dl><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 319px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 304px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="205" src="http://img2.tfd.com/wiki/b/b3/Hydroponic_onions_nasa.jpg" width="300" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> NASA researcher checking hydroponic onions with Bibb lettuce to his left and radishes to the right</div></div></div><b>Hydroponics</b> (From the Greek words <i>hydro</i>, water and <i>ponos</i>, labor) is a method of growing <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Plant">plants</a> using mineral <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nutrient">nutrient</a> solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Perlite">perlite</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mineral+wool">mineral wool</a>, or coconut husk.<br /><br />Researchers discovered in the 19th century that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When the required mineral nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics. Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book, <i>Sylva Sylvarum</i> by Sir <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Francis+Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, printed a year after his death. Water culture became a popular research technique after that. In 1699, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John+Woodward+%28naturalist%29">John Woodward</a> published his water culture experiments with spearmint. He found that plants in less pure water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842 a list of nine elements believed to be essential to plant growth had been made out, and the discoveries of the German botanists, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Julius+von+Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a> and Wilhelm Knop, in the years 1859-65, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-references_0-0"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient solutions was called solution culture. It quickly became a standard research and teaching technique and is still widely used today. Solution culture is now considered a type of hydroponics where there is no inert medium.<br /><br />In 1929, Professor William Frederick Gericke of the University of California at Berkeley began publicly promoting that solution culture be used for agricultural crop production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He first termed it aquaculture but later found that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> was already applied to culture of aquatic organisms. Gericke created a sensation by growing tomato vines twenty-five feet high in his back yard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> By analogy with the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ancient+Greek">ancient Greek</a> term for agriculture, geoponics, the science of cultivating the earth, Gericke introduced the term <i>hydroponics</i> in 1937 (although he asserts that the term was suggested by Dr. W. A. Setchell, of the University of California) for the culture of plants in water (from the Greek <i>hydros</i>, "water", and <i>ponos</i>, "labor").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-references_0-1"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Reports of Gericke's work and his claims that hydroponics would revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge number of requests for further information. Gericke refused to reveal his secrets claiming he had done the work at home on his own time. This refusal eventually resulted in his leaving the University of California. In 1940, he wrote the book, <i>Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening.</i><br /><br />Two other plant nutritionists at the University of California were asked to research Gericke's claims. <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/hoagland/NAS_Memoir.pdf">Dennis R. Hoagland</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/deceased.shtml">Daniel I. Arnon</a> wrote a classic 1938 agricultural bulletin, <i>The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil,</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> debunking the exaggerated claims made about hydroponics. Hoagland and Arnon found that hydroponic crop yields were no better than crop yields with good quality soils. Crop yields were ultimately limited by factors other than mineral nutrients, especially light. This research, however, overlooked the fact that hydroponics has other advantages including the fact that the roots of the plant have constant access to oxygen and that the plants have access to as much or as little water as they need. This is important as one of the most common errors when growing is over- and under- watering; and hydroponics prevents this from occurring as large amounts of water can be made available to the plant and any water not used, drained away, recirculated, or actively aerated, eliminating anoxic conditions which drown root systems in soil. In soil, a grower needs to be very experienced to know exactly how much water to feed the plant. Too much and the plant will not be able to access oxygen; too little and the plant will lose the ability to transport nutrients, which are typically moved into the roots while in solution.<br /><br />These two researchers developed several formulas for mineral nutrient solutions, known as Hoagland solution. Modified Hoagland solutions are still used today.<br /><br />One of the early successes of hydroponics occurred on <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Wake+Island">Wake Island</a>, a rocky atoll in the Pacific Ocean used as a refueling stop for Pan American Airlines. Hydroponics was used there in the 1930s to grow vegetables for the passengers. Hydroponics was a necessity on Wake Island because there was no soil, and it was prohibitively expensive to airlift in fresh vegetables.<br /><br />In the 1960s, Allen Cooper of England developed the Nutrient film technique. <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/The+Land+%28Disney%29">The Land Pavilion</a> at Walt Disney World's EPCOT Center opened in 1982 and prominently features a variety of hydroponic techniques. In recent decades, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/NASA">NASA</a> has done extensive hydroponic research for their <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Controlled+Ecological+Life+Support+System">Controlled Ecological Life Support System</a> or CELSS. Hydroponics intended to take place on Mars are using LED lighting to grow in different color spectrum with much less heat.<br /><br />In 1978, hydroponics pioneer Dr. Howard Resh published the first edition of his book "Hydroponics Food Production." This book (now updated) spurred what has become known as the 3-part base nutrients formula that is still a major component of today's hydroponics gardening. Resh later went on to publish other books, and is currently in charge of a highly advanced hydroponics research and production facility in the Caribbean.<br /><br />In the last few years, the popularity in the hydroponics marketplace has increased rapidly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Soilless_culture">Soilless culture</span></h3>Gericke originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral nutrient solutions, with no solid medium for the roots. He objected in print to people who applied the term hydroponics to other types of soilless culture such as sand culture and gravel culture. The distinction between hydroponics and soilless culture of plants has often been blurred. Soilless culture is a broader term than hydroponics; it only requires that no soils with clay or silt are used. Note that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sand">sand</a> is a type of soil yet sand culture is considered a type of soilless culture. Hydroponics is a subset of soilless culture. Many types of soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for hydroponics.<br /><br />Billions of container plants are produced annually, including fruit, shade and ornamental trees, shrubs, forest seedlings, vegetable seedlings, bedding plants, herbaceous perennials and vines. Most container plants are produced in soilless media, representing soilless culture. However, most are not hydroponics because the soilless medium often provides some of the mineral nutrients via slow release fertilizers, cation exchange and decomposition of the organic medium itself. Most soilless media for container plants also contain organic materials such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Peat">peat</a> or composted bark, which provide some nitrogen to the plant. Greenhouse growth of plants in peat bags is often termed hydroponics, but technically it is not because the medium provides some of the mineral nutrients.<br /><br />Plants that are not traditionally grown in a climate would be possible to grow using a controlled environment system like hydroponics. During World War II produce was grown with hydroponics on the barren Pacific Islands. According to a 1938 Times magazine article, this was one of the first times that commercial use of hydroponics was used on such a large scale to feed people. This group of islands was used as a refueling stop for Pan-Am Airways and the food was used to feed the staff and crew. This means that salad greens could possibly be grown in Antarctica or even the Mojave Desert. NASA has also looked to utilize hydroponics in the space program. Ray Wheeler, plant physiologist at Kennedy Space Center’s Space Life Science Lab, believes that hydroponics will create advances within space travel. He terms this as “a life support system with the biological component of growing plants—called a bioregenerative life support system. It has several benefits for NASA.” These Scientists are researching how different amounts of light, temperature and carbon dioxide, along with plant species can be grown and cultivated on planets like Mars.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Advantages">Advantages</span></h2>Some of the reasons why hydroponics is being adapted around the world for food production are the following:<br /><br /><ul><li>No soil is needed</li><br /><li>The water stays in the system and can be reused- thus, lower water costs</li><br /><li>It is possible to control the nutrition levels in their entirety- thus, lower nutrition costs</li><br /><li>No nutrition pollution is released into the environment because of the controlled system</li><br /><li>Stable and high yields</li><br /><li>Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of than in soil because of the container's mobility</li><br /></ul>Today, hydroponics is an established branch of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Agronomy">agronomy</a>. Progress has been rapid, and results obtained in various countries have proved it to be thoroughly practical and to have very definite advantages over conventional methods of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Horticulture">horticulture</a>. The two chief merits of the soil-less cultivation of plants are, first, much higher crop yields, and second, hydroponics can be used in places where in-ground agriculture or gardening is not possible.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</span></h2>The hydroponic conditions (presence of fertilizer and high humidity) create an environment that stimulates <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Salmonella">salmonella</a> growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Other disadvantages include pathogen attacks such as damp-off due to Verticillium wilt caused by the high moisture levels associated with hydroponics and overwatering of soil based plants. Also, many hydroponic plants require different fertilizers and containment systems<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques">Techniques</span></h2>The two main types of hydroponics are solution culture and medium culture. Solution culture does not use a solid medium for the roots, just the nutrient solution. The three main types of solution culture are static solution culture, continuous flow solution culture and aeroponics. The medium culture method has a solid medium for the roots and is named for the type of medium, e.g. sand culture, gravel culture or rockwool culture. There are two main variations for each medium, subirrigation and top <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Irrigation">irrigation</a>. For all techniques, most hydroponic reservoirs are now built of plastic but other materials have been used including concrete, glass, metal, vegetable solids and wood. The containers should exclude light to prevent algae growth in the nutrient solution.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Static_solution_culture">Static solution culture</span></h3>In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass Mason jars (typically in-home applications), plastic buckets, tubs or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be unaerated. If unaerated, the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution so they get adequate oxygen. A hole is cut in the lid of the reservoir for each plant. There can be one to many plants per reservoir. Reservoir size can be increased as plant size increases. A homemade system can be constructed from plastic food containers or glass canning jars with <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeration">aeration</a> provided by an aquarium pump, aquarium airline tubing and aquarium valves. Clear containers are covered with aluminium foil, butcher paper, black plastic or other material to exclude light, thus helping to eliminate the formation of algae. The nutrient solution is either changed on a schedule, such as once per week, or when the concentration drops below a certain level as determined with an <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/EC+meter">electrical conductivity meter</a>. Whenever the solution is depleted below a certain level, either water or fresh nutrient solution is added, A <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mariotte%27s+bottle">Mariotte's bottle</a>, or a float valve, can be used to automatically maintain the solution level. In raft solution culture, plants are placed in a sheet of buoyant plastic that is floated on the surface of the nutrient solution. That way, the solution level never drops below the roots.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Continuous_flow_solution_culture">Continuous flow solution culture</span></h3>In continuous flow solution culture the nutrient solution constantly flows past the roots. It is much easier to automate than the static solution culture because sampling and adjustments to the temperature and nutrient concentrations can be made in a large storage tank that serves potentially thousands of plants. A popular variation is the nutrient film technique or NFT whereby a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is recirculated past the bare roots of plants in a watertight thick root mat, which develops in the bottom of the channel, has an upper surface which, although moist, is in the air. Subsequently, there is an abundant supply of oxygen to the roots of the plants. A properly designed NFT system is based on using the right channel slope, the right flow rate and the right channel length. The main advantage of the NFT system over other forms of hydroponics is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen and nutrients. In all other forms of production there is a conflict between the supply of these requirements, since excessive or deficient amounts of one results in an imbalance of one or both of the others. NFT, because of its design, provides a system where all three requirements for healthy plant growth can be met at the same time, providing the simple concept of NFT is always remembered and practised. The result of these advantages is that higher yields of high quality produce are obtained over an extended period of cropping. A downside of NFT is that it has very little buffering against interruptions in the flow e.g. power outages, but overall, it is probably one of the more productive techniques.<br /><br />The same design characteristics apply to all conventional NFT systems. While slopes along channels of 1:100 have been recommended, in practice it is difficult to build a base for channels that is sufficiently true to enable nutrient films to flow without ponding in locally depressed areas. Consequently, it is recommended that slopes of 1:30 to 1:40 are used. This allows for minor irregularities in the surface but, even with these slopes, ponding and waterlogging may occur. The slope may be provided by the floor, or benches or racks may hold the channels and provide the required slope. Both methods are used and depend on local requirements, often determined by the site and crop requirements.<br /><br />As a general guide, flow rates for each gully should be 1 liter per minute. At planting, rates may be half this and the upper limit of 2L/min appears about the maximum. Flow rates beyond these extremes are often associated with nutritional problems. Depressed growth rates of many crops have been observed when channels exceed 12 metres in length. On rapidly growing crops, tests have indicated that, while oxygen levels remain adequate, nitrogen may be depleted over the length of the gully. Consequently, channel length should not exceed 10–15 metres. In situations where this is not possible, the reductions in growth can be eliminated by placing another nutrient feed half way along the gully and reducing flow rates to 1L/min through each outlet.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></div><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a> is a system where roots are continuously or discontinuously kept in an environment saturated with fine drops (a mist or aerosol) of nutrient solution. The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients. Excellent aeration is the main advantage of aeroponics.<br /><br />Aeroponic techniques have proved to be commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato production, leaf crops and micro-greens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Since inventor <a class="new" href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1">Richard Stoner</a> commercialized aeroponic technology in 1983, aeroponics has been implemented as an alternative to water intensive hydroponic systems worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The limitation of hydroponics is the fact that 1 kg of water can only hold 8 mg of air, no matter if aerators are utilized or not.<br /><br />Another distinct advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics is that any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the micro environment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. The limitation of hydroponics is that only certain species of plants can survive for so long in water before they become water logged. The advantage of aeroponics is due to the fact that suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots zone, stems and leaves,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. NASA research has shown that aeroponically grown plants have an 80% increase in dry weight biomass (essential minerals) compared to hydroponically grown plants. Aeroponics used 65% less water than hydroponics. NASA also concluded that aeroponically grown plants requires ¼ the nutrient input compared to hydroponics. Unlike hydroponically grown plants, aeroponically grown plants will not suffer transplant shock when transplanted to soil, and offers growers the ability to reduce the spread of disease and pathogens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Aeroponics is also widely used in laboratory studies of plant physiology and plant pathology. Aeroponic techniques have been given special attention from <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/NASA">NASA</a> since a mist is easier to handle than a liquid in a zero gravity environment.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Passive_subirrigation">Passive subirrigation</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Passive hydroponics</div>Passive subirrigation, also known as passive hydroponics or semi-hydroponics, is a method where plants are grown in an <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Inert">inert</a> porous medium that transports water and fertilizer to the roots by capillary action from a separate reservoir as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots. In the simplest method, the pot sits in a shallow solution of fertilizer and water or on a capillary mat saturated with nutrient solution. The various hydroponic media available, such as expanded clay and coconut husk, contain more air space than more traditional potting mixes, delivering increased oxygen to the roots, which is important in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> plants such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Orchidaceae">orchids</a> and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bromeliaceae">bromeliads</a>, whose roots are exposed to the air in nature. Additional advantages of passive hydroponics are the reduction of root rot and the additional ambient humidity provided through evaporations.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ebb_and_flow_.2F_Flood_and_drain_subirrigation">Ebb and flow / Flood and drain subirrigation</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ebb+and+flow">Ebb and flow</a></div>In its simplest form, there is a tray above a reservoir of nutrient solution. The tray is either filled with growing medium (clay granules being the most common) and planted directly, or pots of medium stand in the tray. At regular intervals, a simple timer causes a pump to fill the upper tray with nutrient solution, after which the solution drains back down into the reservoir. This keeps the medium regularly flushed with nutrients and air. Once the upper tray fills past the drain stop it begins recirculating the water until the pump is turned off and the water in the upper tray drains back into the reservoirs.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Run_to_Waste">Run to Waste</span></h3>In a Run to Waste type system, nutrient and water solution is periodically applied to the medium surface. This may be done in its simplest form, by manually applying a nutrient and water solution one or more times per day in a container of inert growing media, such as rockwool, perlite, vermiculite, coco fibre, or sand. In a slightly more complex system, it is automated with a delivery pump, a timer and irrigation tubing to deliver nutrient solution with a delivery frequency that is governed by the key parameters of plant size, plant growing stage, climate, substrate, and substrate conductivity, pH, and water content.<br /><br />In a commercial setting, watering frequency is multi factorial and governed by pc or plc based controllers.<br /><br />Commercial hydroponics production of large plants like tomatoes, cucumber and peppers, use one form or another of run to waste hydroponics.<br /><br />In environmentally responsible uses, the nutrient rich waste is collected and processed through an on site filtration system to be used many times, making the system very productive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Deep_water_culture">Deep water culture</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Deep+water+culture">Deep water culture</a></div>The hydroponic method of plant production by means of suspending the plant roots in a solution of nutrient rich, oxygenated water. Traditional methods favor the use of plastic buckets and large containers with the plant contained in a net pot suspended from the centre of the lid and the roots suspended in the nutrient solution. The solution is super oxygenated from an air pump combined with porous stones. With this method the plants grow much faster because of the high amount of oxygen that the roots receive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growell_13-0"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-Growell-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bubbleponics">Bubbleponics</span></h3>"Bubbleponics" is the art of delivering highly oxygenated nutrient solution direct to the root zone of plants. While Deep Water Culture involves the plant roots hanging down into a reservoir of water below, the term Bubbleponics describes a top-fed Deep Water Culture (DWC) hydroponic system. Basically, the water is pumped from the reservoir up to the roots (top feeding). The water is released over the plant's roots and then runs back into the reservoir below in a constantly recirculating system. As with Deep Water Culture, there is an airstone in the reservoir which pumps air into the water via a hose from outside the reservoir. The airstone helps add oxygen to the water. Both the airstone and the water pump run 24 hours a day.<br /><br />The biggest advantages with Bubbleponics over Deep Water Culture involve increased growth during the first few weeks. With Deep Water Culture, there is a time where the roots haven't reached the water yet. With Bubbleponics, the roots get easy access to water from the beginning and will grow to the reservoir below much more quickly than with a Deep Water Culture system. Once the roots have reached the reservoir below, there is not a huge advantage with Bubbleponics over Deep Water Culture. However, due to the quicker growth in the beginning, a few weeks of grow time can be shaved off.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2>One of the most obvious decisions hydroponic farmers have to make is which medium they should use. Different media are appropriate for different growing techniques.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Diahydro">Diahydro</span></h3>Sedimentary rock medium that consists of the fossilized remains of diatoms. Diahydro is extremely high in Silica (87-94%), an essential component for the growth of plants and strengthening of cell walls.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Expanded_clay_.28Ex-clay.29">Expanded clay (Ex-clay)</span></h3><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 239px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 224px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/thumb/f/f5/Hydroton.jpg" width="220" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> Hydroton brand expanded clay pebbles.</div></div></div>Baked clay pellets, also known under the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Trademark">trademarks</a> 'Hydroton' or 'Hydrokorrels' or 'LECA' (lightweight expanded <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Clay">clay</a> aggregate), are suitable for hydroponic systems in which all nutrients are carefully controlled in water solution. The clay pellets are inert, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> neutral and do not contain any nutrient value.<br /><br />The clay is formed into round pellets and fired in rotary <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Kiln">kilns</a> at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This causes the clay to expand, like popcorn, and become porous. It is light in weight, and does not compact over time. Shape of individual pellet can be irregular or uniform depending on brand and manufacturing process. The manufacturers consider expanded clay to be an ecologically sustainable and re-usable growing medium because of its ability to be cleaned and sterilized, typically by washing in solutions of white vinegar, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Chlorine">chlorine</a> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bleach">bleach</a> or <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydrogen+peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">H₂O₂</span>), and rinsing completely.<br /><br />A less popular view is that clay pebbles are best not re-used even when they are cleaned, due to root growth which may enter the medium. Breaking open a clay pebble after a crop has been grown will reveal this growth.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_wool">Rock wool</span></h3>Rock wool (mineral wool) is probably the most widely used medium in hydroponics. Rock Wool is an inert substrate for both 'free drainage' and recirculating systems. It is made from molten rock spun into cotton candy-like fibers, resulting in a fibrous medium accessible to capillary action that is not degraded by microbiological activity. Advantages are that rock wool is light weight, free of pathogens, it has very low CEC (Cations exchange capacity) making nutrients and water readily available, and it comes in different fiber sizes and orientations. Higher density rock wool also improves the wicking and dispersion of moisture and nutrients, enticing roots into more areas of the medium, and therefore increasing nutrient fueled sites for premium plant production. After usage, rock wool can be recycled into bricks or into new rock wool again, and or incorporated into soil because it is made of natural rocks and contains great amount of fertilizer left within it.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Coir">Coir</span></h3><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Coco+Peat">Coco Peat</a>, also known as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Coir">coir</a> or coco, is the leftover material after the fibres have been removed from the outermost shell (bolster) of the coconut. Coir is a 100% natural grow and flowering medium. Coconut Coir is colonized with <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Trichoderma">trichoderma</a> bacteria which protects roots and stimulates root growth. It is extremely difficult to over water coir due to its perfect air to water ratio, plant roots thrive in this environment, coir has a high cation exchange, meaning it can store unused minerals to be released to the plant as and when it requires it. Coir is available in many forms, most common is coco peat which has the appearance and texture of soil but contains no mineral content.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Perlite">Perlite</span></h3><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Perlite">Perlite</a> is a volcanic rock that has been superheated into very lightweight expanded glass pebbles. It is used loose or in plastic sleeves immersed in the water. It is also used in potting soil mixes to decrease soil density. Perlite has similar properties and uses to <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> but generally holds more air and less water. If not contained, it can float if flood and drain feeding is used. It is a fusion of granite, obsidian, pumice and basalt. This volcanic rock is naturally fused at high temperatures undergoing what is called <b>"Fusionic Metamorphosis"</b>.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</span></h3>Like perlite, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> is another mineral that has been superheated until it has expanded into light pebbles. Vermiculite holds more water than perlite and has a natural "wicking" property that can draw water and nutrients in a passive hydroponic system. If too much water and not enough air surrounds the plants roots, it's possible to gradually lower the medium's water-retention capability by mixing in increasing quantities of perlite.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sand">Sand</span></h3>Sand is cheap and easily available. However, it is heavy, does not hold water very well, and it must be sterilized between use.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gravel">Gravel</span></h3>The same type that is used in aquariums, though any small gravel can be used, provided it is washed first. Indeed, plants growing in a typical traditional gravel filter bed, with water circulated using electric powerhead pumps, are in effect being grown using gravel hydroponics. Gravel is inexpensive, easy to keep clean, drains well and won't become waterlogged. However, it is also heavy, and if the system doesn't provide continuous water, the plant roots may dry out.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Brick_shards">Brick shards</span></h3>Brick shards have similar properties to gravel. They have the added disadvantages of possibly altering the pH and requiring extra cleaning before reuse.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Polystyrene_packing_peanuts">Polystyrene packing peanuts</span></h3>Polystyrene packing peanuts are inexpensive, readily available, and have excellent drainage. However, they can be too lightweight for some uses. They are mainly used in closed tube systems. Note that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> peanuts must be used; biodegradable packing peanuts will decompose into a sludge. Plants may absorb <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Styrene">styrene</a> and pass it to their consumers; this is a possible health risk.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Wood_fiber">Wood fiber</span></h3>Wood fiber, produced from steam friction of wood, is a very efficient organic substrate for hydroponics. It has the advantage that it keeps its structure for a very long time.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nutrient_solutions">Nutrient solutions</span></h2>Plant <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nutrient">nutrients</a> used in hydroponics are dissolved in the water and are mostly in inorganic and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ion">ionic</a> form. Primary among the dissolved cations (positively charged ions) are Ca²⁺ (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium">calcium</a>), <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">Mg²⁺</span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Magnesium">magnesium</a>), and <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">K⁺</span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium">potassium</a>); the major nutrient anions in nutrient solutions are <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">NO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">−<br /><br />3</span></span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nitrate">nitrate</a>), <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">SO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">2−<br /><br />4</span></span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sulfate">sulfate</a>), and <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">H₂PO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">−<br /><br />4</span></span> (dihydrogen phosphate).<br /><br />Numerous 'recipes' for hydroponic solutions are available. Many use different combinations of chemicals to reach similar total final compositions. Commonly used chemicals for the macronutrients include <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium+nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium+nitrate">calcium nitrate</a>, potassium phosphate, and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Magnesium+sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a>. Various micronutrients are typically added to hydroponic solutions to supply essential elements; among them are Fe (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Iron">iron</a>), Mn (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Manganese">manganese</a>), Cu (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Copper">copper</a>), Zn (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Zinc">zinc</a>), B (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Boron">boron</a>), Cl (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Chlorine">chlorine</a>), and Ni (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nickel">nickel</a>). Chelating agents are sometimes used to keep Fe soluble. Many variations of the nutrient solutions used by Arnon and Hoagland (see above) have been styled 'modified Hoagland solutions' and are widely used. Variation of different mixes throughout the plant life cycle, further optimizes its nutritional value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Plants will change the composition of the nutrient solutions upon contact by depleting specific nutrients more rapidly than others, removing water from the solution, and altering the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> by excretion of either acidity or alkalinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Care is required not to allow salt concentrations to become too high, nutrients to become too depleted, or pH to wander far from the desired value.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial">Commercial</span></h2><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 239px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 224px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/thumb/3/35/Aerogarden.jpg" width="220" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> An Aerogarden using hydroponics and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>.</div></div></div>The largest commercial hydroponics facility in the world is Eurofresh Farms in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Willcox%2c+Arizona">Willcox, Arizona</a>, which sold 200 million kilograms of tomatoes in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Eurofresh has 318 hectares under glass and represents about a third of the commercial hydroponic greenhouse area in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Eurofresh does not consider its tomatoes organic, but they are pesticide-free. They are grown in rockwool using the run to waste technique.<br /><br />Some commercial installations use no <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pesticide">pesticides</a> or <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Herbicide">herbicides</a>, preferring integrated pest management techniques. There is often a price premium willingly paid by consumers for produce which is labeled "<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+farming">organic</a>". Some states in the USA require soil as an essential to obtain <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+certification">organic certification</a>. There are also overlapping and somewhat contradictory rules established by the US Federal Government, so some food grown with hydroponics can be certified <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+farming">organic</a>.<br /><br />Hydroponics also saves water; it uses as little as <span class="frac">¹&fras1;₂₀</span> the amount as a regular farm to produce the same amount of food. The <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Water+table">water table</a> can be impacted by the water use and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Surface+runoff">run-off</a> of chemicals from farms, but hydroponics may minimize impact as well as having the advantage that water use and water returns are easier to measure. This can save the farmer money by allowing reduced water use and the ability to measure consequences to the land around a farm.<br /><br />To increase plant growth, lighting systems such as metal halide for growing stage only or high pressure sodium for growing/flowering/blooming stage are used to lengthen the day or to supplement natural sunshine if it is scarce. Metal halide emits more light in the blue spectrum, making it ideal for plant growth but is harmful to unprotected skin and can cause skin cancer. High pressure sodium emits more light in the red spectrum, meaning that it is best suited for supplementing natural sunshine and can be used throughout the growing cycle. However, these lighting systems require large amounts of electricity to operate, making efficiency and safety very critical.<br /><br />The environment in a hydroponics <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> is tightly controlled for maximum efficiency and this new mindset is called soil-less/controlled-environment agriculture (CEA). With this growers can make ultra-premium foods anywhere in the world, regardless of temperature and growing seasons. Growers monitor the temperature, humidity, and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> level constantly.<br /><br />Hydroponics have been used to enhance vegetables to provide more nutritional value. A hydroponic farmer in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Virginia">Virginia</a> has developed a <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium">potassium</a> enriched head of lettuce, scheduled to be widely available in April 2007. Grocers in test markets have said that the lettuce sells "very well", and the farmers claim that their hydroponic lettuce uses 90% less water than traditional soil farming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Advancements">Advancements</span></h2>With pest problems reduced, and nutrients constantly fed to the roots, productivity in hydroponics is high, although plant growth can be limited by the low levels of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Carbon+dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the atmosphere, or limited light exposure. To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject carbon dioxide into their environment to help growth (<span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">CO₂</span> enrichment), add lights to lengthen the day, or control vegetative growth etc.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li><br /><li>Folkewall</li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Grow+box">Grow box</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Growroom">Growroom</a></li><br /><li>Organoponics</li><br /><li>Passive hydroponics</li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vertical+farming">Vertical farming</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li><br /></ul><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <div class="references"> <ol><li id="cite_note-references-0">^ <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-references_0-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-references_0-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> Douglas, James S. <u>Hydroponics</u>. 5th ed. Bombay: Oxford UP, 1975. 1-3.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Turner, Bambi. "How Hydroponics Works." 20 October 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. <<a class="external free" href="http://home.howstuffworks.com/hydroponics.htm" rel="nofollow">http://home.howstuffworks.com/hydroponics.htm</a>> 17 September 2009.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/arnon/Hoagland_Arnon_Solution.pdf"><i>The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil</i></a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hydroponicsgroup.com/index.php?_a=viewDoc&docId=5">[1]</a> Hydroponics Group Industry</li><br /><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">10:49 a.m. ET (2009-03-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/">"Alfalfa Sprouts Source Of Salmonella, Experts Say - Omaha- msnbc.com"</a>. MSNBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-14</span>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Mwv_jnw6QQwC&pg=PT112&lpg=PT112&dq=verticillium+wilt+in+hydroponics&source=bl&ots=P1qhxpiqW_&sig=ikcfSN1w3c6RZEYm0jMFsF-YU4s"><i>Winterborne, J., "Hydroponics: Indoor Horticulture",Published by Pukka Press, 2005, p113</i></a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sivb.org/InVitroReport/42-2/research.htm">"Research News, "Commercial Aeroponics: The Grow Anywere Story", In Vitro Report - An Official Publication of the Society In Vitro Biology, Issue 42.2, April–June 2008"</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.biocontrols.com/aero28.html">"Stoner, R., "Aeroponics Versus Bed and Hydroponic Propagation", Florist Review, Vol 173 no.4477, September 22, 1983"</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Stoner, R.J (1983). <i>Rooting in Air.</i> Greenhouse Grower Vol I No. 11</li><br /><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.grodan.com/solutions/water+content+meter" rel="nofollow">http://www.grodan.com/solutions/water+content+meter</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.newagehydro.com/shop/faq.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.newagehydro.com/shop/faq.php</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-Growell-13"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-Growell_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.growell.co.uk/pr/60/Deep-Water-Culture-It-s-all-about-the-bubbles-.html">"Deep Water Culture"</a>. <a class="new" href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/w/index.php?title=Growell&action=edit&redlink=1">Growell</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://growweedeasy.com/high-yield-bubbleponics-technique">"Growing Cannabis with Bubbleponics"</a>. GrowWeedEasy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-27</span>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Coston, D.C., G.W. Krewer, R.C. Owing and E.G. Denny (1983). <i>Air Rooting of Peach Semihardwood Cutting." HortScience 18(3): 323.</i></li><br /><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dutchmaster.com.au/?language=english&page=growers_guide&topic=ph_info">Understanding pH</a> DutchMaster Hydroponics</li><br /><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> Kenney, Brad P. "Success Under Glass." <u>American Vegetable Grower</u> 1 May 2006: 12-13.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> Sorenson, Dan. "Pampered tomatoes." <u>Arizona daily star</u> 23 April 2006.<a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/125882.php">[2]</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Murphy, Katie. "Farm Grows Hydroponic Lettuce." <u>The Observer</u> 1 December 2006 <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.observernews.com/stories/current/news/120106/Lettuce.shtml">[3]</a></li><br /></ol></div></div>D&T HYDROPONIC <a class="external free" href="http://dthydroponic.com/" rel="nofollow">http://dthydroponic.com</a><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac">Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, University of Arizona</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.makehydroponics.com/">Hydroponic Resources, Online Guide</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hydroponicsonline.com/lessons/table-of-contents.htm">Hydroponic Lesson Plans</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/soils326/hydropon.htm">Barak, P. 2002. Essential Elements for Plant Growth: Hydroponics.</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/PLS/faculty/MERLE.html">Jensen, M.H. 1997. Hydroponics. <i>HortScience</i> 32</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/hydro/hydrotoc.html"><i>Hydroponics as a Hobby: Growing Plants Without Soil.</i> University of Illinois, Circular 844</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/cpl/research_hydroponics.htm">Utah State University Hydroponics</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.schundler.com/mcmurdo.htm">Hydroponics at McMurdo Station Antarctica</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cornellcea.com/handbook_home.htm">Cornell University Commercial Hydroponic Lettuce, Spinach and Pak Choi Grower's Handbooks</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/mbr/casestudies/volume3/hydropn3.html">Hydroponics and Soilless Cultures on Artificial Substrates as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Soil Fumigation</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hydroponics.eu/hydroponics-setup.asp">Essential elements for hydroponics set up</a></li><br /></ul></div><span style="font-size: 1px;"><br clear="all" /></span><div class="brand_copy">This article is copied from an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" target="_blank">article on Wikipedia®</a> - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. 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Hydroponics

For the Soup Dragons album, see Hydrophonic. NASA researcher checking hydroponic onions with Bibb lettuce to his left and radishes to the rightHydroponics (From the Greek words hydro, water and pono…

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