Land and Power

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="content-header"><h1 class="title with-subtitle"></h1><h2 class="title subtitle">The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land</h2></div><div class="content"><b>The new wave of land deals is not the new investment in agriculture that millions had been waiting for. The poorest people are being hardest hit as competition for land intensifies. Oxfam’s research has revealed that residents regularly lose out to local elites and domestic or foreign investors because they lack the power to claim their rights effectively and to defend and advance their interests.</b><br /><br />Companies and governments must take urgent steps to improve land rights outcomes for people living in poverty. Power relations between investors and local communities must also change if investment is to contribute to rather than undermine the food security and livelihoods of local communities.<br /><br /><h3>Key recommendations</h3><ul><li><b>The rights of the communities affected by these deals must be respected</b> and their grievances addressed, and those who are profiting from the international deals must help to ensure this happens. Those financing and sourcing from land acquisition projects, and companies further down the value chain, must use their influence to ensure that this happens.</li><br /><li><b>The balance of power must be shifted</b> in favor of local rights-holders and communities. Governments should adopt strong, internationally-applicable standards on good governance relating to land tenure and management of natural resources.</li><br /><li><b>Host governments should respect and protect all existing land use rights</b>, and ensure that the principle of free, prior, and informed consent is followed and that women have equal rights to access and control over land.</li><br /><li><b>Investors should respect all existing land use rights.</b> They should make sure that the principle of free, prior, and informed consent is followed in all agreements, as well as seeking alternatives to the transfer of land rights from small-scale food producers.</li><br /><li><b>Financiers and buyers should accept full supply-chain responsibility.</b> They should require all agricultural operations that they finance or use as suppliers to follow the principles set out above, and remedy existing problems.</li><br /><li><b>Home country governments should require companies investing overseas to fully disclose their activities</b>, and ensure that standards and safeguards are implemented to protect small-scale food producers and local populations, including through development finance organizations.</li><br /></ul><div id="tags"><div class="item-list"><div id="content-header"><h1 class="title with-subtitle">Tanah dan Power</h1><h2 class="title subtitle">Skandal tumbuh sekitar gelombang baru investasi di tanah</h2></div><b>Gelombang baru dari penawaran tanah bukanlah investasi baru di bidang pertanian bahwa jutaan telah menunggu. Orang-orang miskin sedang yang paling terpukul karena persaingan untuk mengintensifkan lahan. Penelitian Oxfam telah mengungkapkan bahwa warga teratur kalah dengan elit lokal dan investor domestik maupun asing karena mereka tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk mengklaim hak-hak mereka secara efektif dan untuk membela dan memajukan kepentingan mereka.</b><br /><br />Perusahaan dan pemerintah harus mengambil langkah mendesak untuk meningkatkan hak atas tanah hasil untuk orang-orang yang hidup dalam kemiskinan. Kekuatan hubungan antara investor dan masyarakat lokal juga harus berubah jika investasi untuk berkontribusi daripada merusak keamanan pangan dan mata pencaharian masyarakat lokal.<br /><br /><h3>Kunci rekomendasi</h3><ul><li><b>Hak-hak masyarakat yang terkena dampak transaksi ini harus dihormati</b> dan keluhan mereka ditangani, dan mereka yang mengambil keuntungan dari transaksi internasional harus membantu untuk memastikan hal ini terjadi. Mereka pembiayaan dan sumber dari proyek-proyek akuisisi tanah, dan perusahaan lebih bawah rantai nilai, harus menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk memastikan bahwa hal ini terjadi.</li><br /><li><b>Keseimbangan kekuasaan harus bergeser</b> mendukung hak-pemegang lokal dan komunitas. Pemerintah harus mengadopsi kuat, standar internasional yang berlaku tentang tata pemerintahan yang baik yang berkaitan dengan penguasaan lahan dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam.</li><br /><li><b>Pemerintah tuan rumah harus menghormati dan melindungi semua hak penggunaan lahan yang ada</b>, Dan memastikan bahwa prinsip bebas, persetujuan, dan informasi adalah diikuti dan bahwa wanita memiliki hak yang sama untuk akses dan kontrol atas tanah.</li><br /><li><b>Investor harus menghormati semua hak guna lahan yang ada.</b> Mereka harus memastikan bahwa prinsip persetujuan bebas, didahulukan, dan diinformasikan diikuti dalam semua perjanjian, serta alternatif berusaha untuk pengalihan hak tanah dari skala kecil produsen makanan.</li><br /><li><b>Pemodal dan pembeli harus menerima penuh tanggung jawab rantai pasokan.</b> Mereka harus mewajibkan semua operasi pertanian yang mereka keuangan atau digunakan sebagai pemasok untuk mengikuti prinsip-prinsip diatas, dan obat masalah yang ada.</li><br /><li><b>Rumah pemerintah negara harus mewajibkan perusahaan investasi luar negeri untuk sepenuhnya mengungkapkan kegiatan mereka</b>, Dan memastikan bahwa standar dan perlindungan diimplementasikan untuk melindungi produsen makanan skala kecil dan penduduk lokal, termasuk melalui organisasi keuangan pembangunan.</li><br /></ul><div id="dropin-items"><div id="attachments"><div id="attachments-inner"><div class="item-list"><h3>Downloads</h3><ul id="attachments-list"><li class="first"><div class="file-item"><div class="file-item-item file-icon"><img alt="bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-summ-en.pdf" height="48" src="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/themes/oxizen/images/icons/pdf.png" title="Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land (summary)" width="48" /></div><div class="file-item-item file-data"><div class="file-link"><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-summ-en.pdf">Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land (summary)</a></div><div class="file-size">153.5 KB</div></div></div></li><br /><li class="last"><div class="file-item"><div class="file-item-item file-icon"><img alt="bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf" height="48" src="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/themes/oxizen/images/icons/pdf.png" title="Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land" width="48" /></div><div class="file-item-item file-data"><div class="file-link"><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf">Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land</a></div><div class="file-size">548.51 KB</div></div></div></li><br /></ul></div></div></div></div><br /><br /><ul></ul></div></div></div></div>

• 
• 

1. 1
2. 2

• Previous
• Next

Land and Power

The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in landThe new wave of land deals is not the new investment in agriculture that millions had been waiting for. The poorest people are bein…

Read more »

Oxfam menyerukan perusahaan kelapa sawit untuk memperbaiki pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat di Indonesia

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="dropin-items"><div class="pullquotes"><div class="quote">“If Sime Darby doesn’t budge, it should feel the consequences. The affected farmers have that right”</div><cite></cite><br /><br /><div class="quotee">Farah Karimi</div><div class="quoteorg">General Director of Oxfam Novib (Netherlands)</div><div class="quoteorg"></div></div></div><div id="content-area"><div class="node node node-type-oxpressrelease" id="node-7475"><div class="node-inner"><div class="content"><b>Oxfam menuntut bahwa Malaysia multinasional, Sime Darby, kesalahan hak cepat di perkebunan pohon kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia.</b><br /><br />Dalam laporannya <b><a href="http://www.oxfam.org/en/grow/policy/land-and-power">Tanah dan Power</a></b> dipublikasikan bulan lalu, Oxfam mengungkapkan sengketa panjang-berdiri di sebuah perkebunan kelapa sawit milik Sime Darby, yang berasal dari Sime Darby sebelum membeli perkebunan. Meskipun janji sejak 2007, Sime Darby belum mengambil tindakan untuk memperbaiki situasi.<br /><br /><b>Kecuali Sime Darby menghasilkan rencana aksi konkret</b> untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dengan 23 Oktober, Oxfam akan mengajukan keluhan resmi kepada Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) yang Sime Darby menjadi anggota. RSPO adalah sebuah kemitraan global produsen, pedagang dan produsen merek yang menggunakan kelapa sawit dalam produk mereka. Anggota RSPO telah berjanji untuk membuat produksi minyak sawit berkelanjutan dengan mengikuti standar global untuk produksi dan pembelian. Oxfam adalah anggota RSPO untuk memastikan bahwa kepentingan masyarakat setempat, petani kecil dan buruh, yang dibahas dalam produksi minyak sawit.<br /><br /><b>Pekan lalu keluhan diajukan di RSPO</b> terhadap Sime Darby oleh kelompok kampanye internasional, Forest Peoples Programme, bersama dengan organisasi Liberia. Di Liberia Sime Darby juga dituduh ilegal penyitaan tanah dari petani lokal, yang melanggar prosedur RSPO.<br /><br />Farah Karimi, direktur umum dari Oxfam Novib (Belanda) berkata: "Tidak dapat diterima untuk perusahaan-perusahaan minyak sawit seperti Sime Darby untuk mengabaikan hak-hak dan kebutuhan masyarakat setempat. Anggota Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil bersatu dalam pengakuan mereka bahwa sesuatu telah berubah di sektor minyak sawit. Sekarang adalah waktu untuk bertindak. "<br /><br />Oxfam telah menjadi anggota aktif RSPO selama tujuh tahun dan membantu menciptakan prosedur pengaduan yang memungkinkan masyarakat untuk mengeluh secara langsung tentang pelanggaran. Prosedur ini penting karena banyak penguasa lokal dan sistem hukum di negara-negara yang terlibat dalam produksi minyak kelapa sawit tidak menjunjung hak-hak masyarakat dalam sengketa tanah.<br /><br /><b>"Kami bergabung RSPO karena tidak ada pilihan lain</b> bagi masyarakat untuk mengklaim hak-hak mereka. Semua anggota RSPO telah berkomitmen untuk operasi yang berkelanjutan. Sekarang saatnya untuk panggilan ke account anggota yang melanggar komitmen ini. Ada prosedur keluhan dan mekanisme sanksi. Jika Sime Darby tidak bergerak, harus merasakan akibatnya. Para petani yang terkena hak itu, "kata Karimi.<br /><br />Sime Darby telah menyatakan bahwa tujuannya adalah untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini secepat mungkin. Oxfam akan terus memantau Sime Darby kritis, bersama-sama dengan anggota lain dari RSPO, termasuk organisasi Indonesia, Sawit Watch, yang secara langsung mendukung orang-orang di Kalimantan Barat.<br /><br /><div class="field field-type-text field-field-notestoeditors"><div class="field-label"><h3 class="title">Catatan untuk Editor</h3></div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><ol><li><b>Pada pertengahan 1990-an anak perusahaan saat Sime Darby</b>mulai perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Sanggau di Barat Kalimintan. Dua puluh empat komunitas kehilangan bagian besar dari tanah mereka. Isu-isu utama yang mendasari dalam konflik ini adalah: <ul><li><b>Peruntukan lahan berdasarkan informasi palsu.</b> Masyarakat diberitahu bahwa mereka akan sewa tanah kepada perusahaan untuk lingkaran kehidupan pohon palem (25 tahun) dan menandatangani surat-surat yang mereka pikir merupakan sewa di tanah mereka. Tapi surat-surat memungkinkan perusahaan untuk memiliki status tanah berubah, sesuatu yang masyarakat tidak menyadari.</li><br /><li><b>Janji yang belum terpenuhi.</b> Sebagai imbalan perusahaan berjanji untuk membangun fasilitas, seperti jalan, sekolah, rumah dan klinik. Hanya beberapa dari fasilitas tersebut telah dibangun.</li><br /><li><b>Skema tanah.</b> Dari 7,5 hektar bahwa setiap keluarga menyerahkan mereka dijanjikan untuk mendapatkan 2 hektar kembali, ditanami dengan kelapa sawit. Namun dalam praktek dan untuk beberapa alasan sebagian besar keluarga mendapat kurang yang tidak cukup untuk hidup dari.</li><br /></ul>Sime Darby mengklaim bahwa undang-undang nasional dipenuhi pada waktu itu.</li><br /><li><b>Internasional Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</b> adalah upaya bersama oleh banyak stakeholder yang terlibat dalam industri kelapa sawit termasuk produsen, prosesor, produsen, pengecer, investor dan LSM lingkungan dan pembangunan. RSPO merupakan 50% dari produksi global, dan diperkirakan 15% dari pasar. Hal ini mendorong produksi dan penggunaan minyak sawit berkelanjutan melalui transparansi pasar swa-regulasi, dan multi-stakeholder dialog.</li><br /><li><b>Pada tanggal 22 September, Oxfam meluncurkan sebuah laporan baru yang besar, <a href="http://www.oxfam.org/en/grow/policy/land-and-power" rel="nofollow">Tanah dan Power</a></b> menyoroti laju pertumbuhan transaksi tanah ditengahi seluruh dunia, dengan sebanyak 227 juta hektar dijual, disewakan atau berlisensi dalam skala besar ke tanah sejak tahun 2001. Beberapa transaksi adalah dalam 'perampasan tanah' fakta dimana hak-hak dan kebutuhan masyarakat yang tinggal di tanah diabaikan, meninggalkan mereka tunawisma dan tanpa lahan cukup untuk tumbuh cukup makanan untuk makan dan mencari nafkah.</li><br /></ol></div></div></div><div id="tags"><div class="item-list"></div></div></div><div class="links"></div></div></div></div><div class="block block-shurly_integration region-odd odd region-count-1 count-9 no-subject" id="block-shurly_integration-0"><div class="block-inner"><div class="content"><b>Permalink: </b> <a href="http://oxf.am/4HU">http://oxf.am/4HU</a> </div></div></div></div>

Oxfam menyerukan perusahaan kelapa sawit untuk memperbaiki pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat di Indonesia

“If Sime Darby doesn’t budge, it should feel the consequences. The affected farmers have that right”Farah KarimiGeneral Director of Oxfam Novib (Netherlands)Oxfam menuntut bahwa Malaysia multinasiona…

Read more »

Hydroponics

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="MainTxt"><span class="hw"></span><br /><br /><dl><dd><i>For the Soup Dragons album, see Hydrophonic.</i></dd></dl><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 319px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 304px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="205" src="http://img2.tfd.com/wiki/b/b3/Hydroponic_onions_nasa.jpg" width="300" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> NASA researcher checking hydroponic onions with Bibb lettuce to his left and radishes to the right</div></div></div><b>Hydroponics</b> (From the Greek words <i>hydro</i>, water and <i>ponos</i>, labor) is a method of growing <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Plant">plants</a> using mineral <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nutrient">nutrient</a> solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Perlite">perlite</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mineral+wool">mineral wool</a>, or coconut husk.<br /><br />Researchers discovered in the 19th century that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When the required mineral nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics. Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book, <i>Sylva Sylvarum</i> by Sir <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Francis+Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, printed a year after his death. Water culture became a popular research technique after that. In 1699, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John+Woodward+%28naturalist%29">John Woodward</a> published his water culture experiments with spearmint. He found that plants in less pure water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842 a list of nine elements believed to be essential to plant growth had been made out, and the discoveries of the German botanists, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Julius+von+Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a> and Wilhelm Knop, in the years 1859-65, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-references_0-0"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient solutions was called solution culture. It quickly became a standard research and teaching technique and is still widely used today. Solution culture is now considered a type of hydroponics where there is no inert medium.<br /><br />In 1929, Professor William Frederick Gericke of the University of California at Berkeley began publicly promoting that solution culture be used for agricultural crop production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He first termed it aquaculture but later found that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> was already applied to culture of aquatic organisms. Gericke created a sensation by growing tomato vines twenty-five feet high in his back yard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> By analogy with the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ancient+Greek">ancient Greek</a> term for agriculture, geoponics, the science of cultivating the earth, Gericke introduced the term <i>hydroponics</i> in 1937 (although he asserts that the term was suggested by Dr. W. A. Setchell, of the University of California) for the culture of plants in water (from the Greek <i>hydros</i>, "water", and <i>ponos</i>, "labor").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-references_0-1"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Reports of Gericke's work and his claims that hydroponics would revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge number of requests for further information. Gericke refused to reveal his secrets claiming he had done the work at home on his own time. This refusal eventually resulted in his leaving the University of California. In 1940, he wrote the book, <i>Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening.</i><br /><br />Two other plant nutritionists at the University of California were asked to research Gericke's claims. <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/hoagland/NAS_Memoir.pdf">Dennis R. Hoagland</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/deceased.shtml">Daniel I. Arnon</a> wrote a classic 1938 agricultural bulletin, <i>The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil,</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> debunking the exaggerated claims made about hydroponics. Hoagland and Arnon found that hydroponic crop yields were no better than crop yields with good quality soils. Crop yields were ultimately limited by factors other than mineral nutrients, especially light. This research, however, overlooked the fact that hydroponics has other advantages including the fact that the roots of the plant have constant access to oxygen and that the plants have access to as much or as little water as they need. This is important as one of the most common errors when growing is over- and under- watering; and hydroponics prevents this from occurring as large amounts of water can be made available to the plant and any water not used, drained away, recirculated, or actively aerated, eliminating anoxic conditions which drown root systems in soil. In soil, a grower needs to be very experienced to know exactly how much water to feed the plant. Too much and the plant will not be able to access oxygen; too little and the plant will lose the ability to transport nutrients, which are typically moved into the roots while in solution.<br /><br />These two researchers developed several formulas for mineral nutrient solutions, known as Hoagland solution. Modified Hoagland solutions are still used today.<br /><br />One of the early successes of hydroponics occurred on <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Wake+Island">Wake Island</a>, a rocky atoll in the Pacific Ocean used as a refueling stop for Pan American Airlines. Hydroponics was used there in the 1930s to grow vegetables for the passengers. Hydroponics was a necessity on Wake Island because there was no soil, and it was prohibitively expensive to airlift in fresh vegetables.<br /><br />In the 1960s, Allen Cooper of England developed the Nutrient film technique. <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/The+Land+%28Disney%29">The Land Pavilion</a> at Walt Disney World's EPCOT Center opened in 1982 and prominently features a variety of hydroponic techniques. In recent decades, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/NASA">NASA</a> has done extensive hydroponic research for their <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Controlled+Ecological+Life+Support+System">Controlled Ecological Life Support System</a> or CELSS. Hydroponics intended to take place on Mars are using LED lighting to grow in different color spectrum with much less heat.<br /><br />In 1978, hydroponics pioneer Dr. Howard Resh published the first edition of his book "Hydroponics Food Production." This book (now updated) spurred what has become known as the 3-part base nutrients formula that is still a major component of today's hydroponics gardening. Resh later went on to publish other books, and is currently in charge of a highly advanced hydroponics research and production facility in the Caribbean.<br /><br />In the last few years, the popularity in the hydroponics marketplace has increased rapidly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Soilless_culture">Soilless culture</span></h3>Gericke originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral nutrient solutions, with no solid medium for the roots. He objected in print to people who applied the term hydroponics to other types of soilless culture such as sand culture and gravel culture. The distinction between hydroponics and soilless culture of plants has often been blurred. Soilless culture is a broader term than hydroponics; it only requires that no soils with clay or silt are used. Note that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sand">sand</a> is a type of soil yet sand culture is considered a type of soilless culture. Hydroponics is a subset of soilless culture. Many types of soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for hydroponics.<br /><br />Billions of container plants are produced annually, including fruit, shade and ornamental trees, shrubs, forest seedlings, vegetable seedlings, bedding plants, herbaceous perennials and vines. Most container plants are produced in soilless media, representing soilless culture. However, most are not hydroponics because the soilless medium often provides some of the mineral nutrients via slow release fertilizers, cation exchange and decomposition of the organic medium itself. Most soilless media for container plants also contain organic materials such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Peat">peat</a> or composted bark, which provide some nitrogen to the plant. Greenhouse growth of plants in peat bags is often termed hydroponics, but technically it is not because the medium provides some of the mineral nutrients.<br /><br />Plants that are not traditionally grown in a climate would be possible to grow using a controlled environment system like hydroponics. During World War II produce was grown with hydroponics on the barren Pacific Islands. According to a 1938 Times magazine article, this was one of the first times that commercial use of hydroponics was used on such a large scale to feed people. This group of islands was used as a refueling stop for Pan-Am Airways and the food was used to feed the staff and crew. This means that salad greens could possibly be grown in Antarctica or even the Mojave Desert. NASA has also looked to utilize hydroponics in the space program. Ray Wheeler, plant physiologist at Kennedy Space Center’s Space Life Science Lab, believes that hydroponics will create advances within space travel. He terms this as “a life support system with the biological component of growing plants—called a bioregenerative life support system. It has several benefits for NASA.” These Scientists are researching how different amounts of light, temperature and carbon dioxide, along with plant species can be grown and cultivated on planets like Mars.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Advantages">Advantages</span></h2>Some of the reasons why hydroponics is being adapted around the world for food production are the following:<br /><br /><ul><li>No soil is needed</li><br /><li>The water stays in the system and can be reused- thus, lower water costs</li><br /><li>It is possible to control the nutrition levels in their entirety- thus, lower nutrition costs</li><br /><li>No nutrition pollution is released into the environment because of the controlled system</li><br /><li>Stable and high yields</li><br /><li>Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of than in soil because of the container's mobility</li><br /></ul>Today, hydroponics is an established branch of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Agronomy">agronomy</a>. Progress has been rapid, and results obtained in various countries have proved it to be thoroughly practical and to have very definite advantages over conventional methods of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Horticulture">horticulture</a>. The two chief merits of the soil-less cultivation of plants are, first, much higher crop yields, and second, hydroponics can be used in places where in-ground agriculture or gardening is not possible.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</span></h2>The hydroponic conditions (presence of fertilizer and high humidity) create an environment that stimulates <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Salmonella">salmonella</a> growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Other disadvantages include pathogen attacks such as damp-off due to Verticillium wilt caused by the high moisture levels associated with hydroponics and overwatering of soil based plants. Also, many hydroponic plants require different fertilizers and containment systems<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques">Techniques</span></h2>The two main types of hydroponics are solution culture and medium culture. Solution culture does not use a solid medium for the roots, just the nutrient solution. The three main types of solution culture are static solution culture, continuous flow solution culture and aeroponics. The medium culture method has a solid medium for the roots and is named for the type of medium, e.g. sand culture, gravel culture or rockwool culture. There are two main variations for each medium, subirrigation and top <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Irrigation">irrigation</a>. For all techniques, most hydroponic reservoirs are now built of plastic but other materials have been used including concrete, glass, metal, vegetable solids and wood. The containers should exclude light to prevent algae growth in the nutrient solution.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Static_solution_culture">Static solution culture</span></h3>In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass Mason jars (typically in-home applications), plastic buckets, tubs or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be unaerated. If unaerated, the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution so they get adequate oxygen. A hole is cut in the lid of the reservoir for each plant. There can be one to many plants per reservoir. Reservoir size can be increased as plant size increases. A homemade system can be constructed from plastic food containers or glass canning jars with <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeration">aeration</a> provided by an aquarium pump, aquarium airline tubing and aquarium valves. Clear containers are covered with aluminium foil, butcher paper, black plastic or other material to exclude light, thus helping to eliminate the formation of algae. The nutrient solution is either changed on a schedule, such as once per week, or when the concentration drops below a certain level as determined with an <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/EC+meter">electrical conductivity meter</a>. Whenever the solution is depleted below a certain level, either water or fresh nutrient solution is added, A <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mariotte%27s+bottle">Mariotte's bottle</a>, or a float valve, can be used to automatically maintain the solution level. In raft solution culture, plants are placed in a sheet of buoyant plastic that is floated on the surface of the nutrient solution. That way, the solution level never drops below the roots.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Continuous_flow_solution_culture">Continuous flow solution culture</span></h3>In continuous flow solution culture the nutrient solution constantly flows past the roots. It is much easier to automate than the static solution culture because sampling and adjustments to the temperature and nutrient concentrations can be made in a large storage tank that serves potentially thousands of plants. A popular variation is the nutrient film technique or NFT whereby a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is recirculated past the bare roots of plants in a watertight thick root mat, which develops in the bottom of the channel, has an upper surface which, although moist, is in the air. Subsequently, there is an abundant supply of oxygen to the roots of the plants. A properly designed NFT system is based on using the right channel slope, the right flow rate and the right channel length. The main advantage of the NFT system over other forms of hydroponics is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen and nutrients. In all other forms of production there is a conflict between the supply of these requirements, since excessive or deficient amounts of one results in an imbalance of one or both of the others. NFT, because of its design, provides a system where all three requirements for healthy plant growth can be met at the same time, providing the simple concept of NFT is always remembered and practised. The result of these advantages is that higher yields of high quality produce are obtained over an extended period of cropping. A downside of NFT is that it has very little buffering against interruptions in the flow e.g. power outages, but overall, it is probably one of the more productive techniques.<br /><br />The same design characteristics apply to all conventional NFT systems. While slopes along channels of 1:100 have been recommended, in practice it is difficult to build a base for channels that is sufficiently true to enable nutrient films to flow without ponding in locally depressed areas. Consequently, it is recommended that slopes of 1:30 to 1:40 are used. This allows for minor irregularities in the surface but, even with these slopes, ponding and waterlogging may occur. The slope may be provided by the floor, or benches or racks may hold the channels and provide the required slope. Both methods are used and depend on local requirements, often determined by the site and crop requirements.<br /><br />As a general guide, flow rates for each gully should be 1 liter per minute. At planting, rates may be half this and the upper limit of 2L/min appears about the maximum. Flow rates beyond these extremes are often associated with nutritional problems. Depressed growth rates of many crops have been observed when channels exceed 12 metres in length. On rapidly growing crops, tests have indicated that, while oxygen levels remain adequate, nitrogen may be depleted over the length of the gully. Consequently, channel length should not exceed 10–15 metres. In situations where this is not possible, the reductions in growth can be eliminated by placing another nutrient feed half way along the gully and reducing flow rates to 1L/min through each outlet.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></div><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a> is a system where roots are continuously or discontinuously kept in an environment saturated with fine drops (a mist or aerosol) of nutrient solution. The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients. Excellent aeration is the main advantage of aeroponics.<br /><br />Aeroponic techniques have proved to be commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato production, leaf crops and micro-greens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Since inventor <a class="new" href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1">Richard Stoner</a> commercialized aeroponic technology in 1983, aeroponics has been implemented as an alternative to water intensive hydroponic systems worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The limitation of hydroponics is the fact that 1 kg of water can only hold 8 mg of air, no matter if aerators are utilized or not.<br /><br />Another distinct advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics is that any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the micro environment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. The limitation of hydroponics is that only certain species of plants can survive for so long in water before they become water logged. The advantage of aeroponics is due to the fact that suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots zone, stems and leaves,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. NASA research has shown that aeroponically grown plants have an 80% increase in dry weight biomass (essential minerals) compared to hydroponically grown plants. Aeroponics used 65% less water than hydroponics. NASA also concluded that aeroponically grown plants requires ¼ the nutrient input compared to hydroponics. Unlike hydroponically grown plants, aeroponically grown plants will not suffer transplant shock when transplanted to soil, and offers growers the ability to reduce the spread of disease and pathogens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Aeroponics is also widely used in laboratory studies of plant physiology and plant pathology. Aeroponic techniques have been given special attention from <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/NASA">NASA</a> since a mist is easier to handle than a liquid in a zero gravity environment.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Passive_subirrigation">Passive subirrigation</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: Passive hydroponics</div>Passive subirrigation, also known as passive hydroponics or semi-hydroponics, is a method where plants are grown in an <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Inert">inert</a> porous medium that transports water and fertilizer to the roots by capillary action from a separate reservoir as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots. In the simplest method, the pot sits in a shallow solution of fertilizer and water or on a capillary mat saturated with nutrient solution. The various hydroponic media available, such as expanded clay and coconut husk, contain more air space than more traditional potting mixes, delivering increased oxygen to the roots, which is important in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> plants such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Orchidaceae">orchids</a> and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bromeliaceae">bromeliads</a>, whose roots are exposed to the air in nature. Additional advantages of passive hydroponics are the reduction of root rot and the additional ambient humidity provided through evaporations.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ebb_and_flow_.2F_Flood_and_drain_subirrigation">Ebb and flow / Flood and drain subirrigation</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ebb+and+flow">Ebb and flow</a></div>In its simplest form, there is a tray above a reservoir of nutrient solution. The tray is either filled with growing medium (clay granules being the most common) and planted directly, or pots of medium stand in the tray. At regular intervals, a simple timer causes a pump to fill the upper tray with nutrient solution, after which the solution drains back down into the reservoir. This keeps the medium regularly flushed with nutrients and air. Once the upper tray fills past the drain stop it begins recirculating the water until the pump is turned off and the water in the upper tray drains back into the reservoirs.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Run_to_Waste">Run to Waste</span></h3>In a Run to Waste type system, nutrient and water solution is periodically applied to the medium surface. This may be done in its simplest form, by manually applying a nutrient and water solution one or more times per day in a container of inert growing media, such as rockwool, perlite, vermiculite, coco fibre, or sand. In a slightly more complex system, it is automated with a delivery pump, a timer and irrigation tubing to deliver nutrient solution with a delivery frequency that is governed by the key parameters of plant size, plant growing stage, climate, substrate, and substrate conductivity, pH, and water content.<br /><br />In a commercial setting, watering frequency is multi factorial and governed by pc or plc based controllers.<br /><br />Commercial hydroponics production of large plants like tomatoes, cucumber and peppers, use one form or another of run to waste hydroponics.<br /><br />In environmentally responsible uses, the nutrient rich waste is collected and processed through an on site filtration system to be used many times, making the system very productive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Deep_water_culture">Deep water culture</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Deep+water+culture">Deep water culture</a></div>The hydroponic method of plant production by means of suspending the plant roots in a solution of nutrient rich, oxygenated water. Traditional methods favor the use of plastic buckets and large containers with the plant contained in a net pot suspended from the centre of the lid and the roots suspended in the nutrient solution. The solution is super oxygenated from an air pump combined with porous stones. With this method the plants grow much faster because of the high amount of oxygen that the roots receive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growell_13-0"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-Growell-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bubbleponics">Bubbleponics</span></h3>"Bubbleponics" is the art of delivering highly oxygenated nutrient solution direct to the root zone of plants. While Deep Water Culture involves the plant roots hanging down into a reservoir of water below, the term Bubbleponics describes a top-fed Deep Water Culture (DWC) hydroponic system. Basically, the water is pumped from the reservoir up to the roots (top feeding). The water is released over the plant's roots and then runs back into the reservoir below in a constantly recirculating system. As with Deep Water Culture, there is an airstone in the reservoir which pumps air into the water via a hose from outside the reservoir. The airstone helps add oxygen to the water. Both the airstone and the water pump run 24 hours a day.<br /><br />The biggest advantages with Bubbleponics over Deep Water Culture involve increased growth during the first few weeks. With Deep Water Culture, there is a time where the roots haven't reached the water yet. With Bubbleponics, the roots get easy access to water from the beginning and will grow to the reservoir below much more quickly than with a Deep Water Culture system. Once the roots have reached the reservoir below, there is not a huge advantage with Bubbleponics over Deep Water Culture. However, due to the quicker growth in the beginning, a few weeks of grow time can be shaved off.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2>One of the most obvious decisions hydroponic farmers have to make is which medium they should use. Different media are appropriate for different growing techniques.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Diahydro">Diahydro</span></h3>Sedimentary rock medium that consists of the fossilized remains of diatoms. Diahydro is extremely high in Silica (87-94%), an essential component for the growth of plants and strengthening of cell walls.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Expanded_clay_.28Ex-clay.29">Expanded clay (Ex-clay)</span></h3><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 239px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 224px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/thumb/f/f5/Hydroton.jpg" width="220" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> Hydroton brand expanded clay pebbles.</div></div></div>Baked clay pellets, also known under the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Trademark">trademarks</a> 'Hydroton' or 'Hydrokorrels' or 'LECA' (lightweight expanded <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Clay">clay</a> aggregate), are suitable for hydroponic systems in which all nutrients are carefully controlled in water solution. The clay pellets are inert, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> neutral and do not contain any nutrient value.<br /><br />The clay is formed into round pellets and fired in rotary <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Kiln">kilns</a> at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This causes the clay to expand, like popcorn, and become porous. It is light in weight, and does not compact over time. Shape of individual pellet can be irregular or uniform depending on brand and manufacturing process. The manufacturers consider expanded clay to be an ecologically sustainable and re-usable growing medium because of its ability to be cleaned and sterilized, typically by washing in solutions of white vinegar, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Chlorine">chlorine</a> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bleach">bleach</a> or <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydrogen+peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">H₂O₂</span>), and rinsing completely.<br /><br />A less popular view is that clay pebbles are best not re-used even when they are cleaned, due to root growth which may enter the medium. Breaking open a clay pebble after a crop has been grown will reveal this growth.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_wool">Rock wool</span></h3>Rock wool (mineral wool) is probably the most widely used medium in hydroponics. Rock Wool is an inert substrate for both 'free drainage' and recirculating systems. It is made from molten rock spun into cotton candy-like fibers, resulting in a fibrous medium accessible to capillary action that is not degraded by microbiological activity. Advantages are that rock wool is light weight, free of pathogens, it has very low CEC (Cations exchange capacity) making nutrients and water readily available, and it comes in different fiber sizes and orientations. Higher density rock wool also improves the wicking and dispersion of moisture and nutrients, enticing roots into more areas of the medium, and therefore increasing nutrient fueled sites for premium plant production. After usage, rock wool can be recycled into bricks or into new rock wool again, and or incorporated into soil because it is made of natural rocks and contains great amount of fertilizer left within it.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Coir">Coir</span></h3><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Coco+Peat">Coco Peat</a>, also known as <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Coir">coir</a> or coco, is the leftover material after the fibres have been removed from the outermost shell (bolster) of the coconut. Coir is a 100% natural grow and flowering medium. Coconut Coir is colonized with <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Trichoderma">trichoderma</a> bacteria which protects roots and stimulates root growth. It is extremely difficult to over water coir due to its perfect air to water ratio, plant roots thrive in this environment, coir has a high cation exchange, meaning it can store unused minerals to be released to the plant as and when it requires it. Coir is available in many forms, most common is coco peat which has the appearance and texture of soil but contains no mineral content.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Perlite">Perlite</span></h3><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Perlite">Perlite</a> is a volcanic rock that has been superheated into very lightweight expanded glass pebbles. It is used loose or in plastic sleeves immersed in the water. It is also used in potting soil mixes to decrease soil density. Perlite has similar properties and uses to <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> but generally holds more air and less water. If not contained, it can float if flood and drain feeding is used. It is a fusion of granite, obsidian, pumice and basalt. This volcanic rock is naturally fused at high temperatures undergoing what is called <b>"Fusionic Metamorphosis"</b>.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</span></h3>Like perlite, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> is another mineral that has been superheated until it has expanded into light pebbles. Vermiculite holds more water than perlite and has a natural "wicking" property that can draw water and nutrients in a passive hydroponic system. If too much water and not enough air surrounds the plants roots, it's possible to gradually lower the medium's water-retention capability by mixing in increasing quantities of perlite.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sand">Sand</span></h3>Sand is cheap and easily available. However, it is heavy, does not hold water very well, and it must be sterilized between use.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gravel">Gravel</span></h3>The same type that is used in aquariums, though any small gravel can be used, provided it is washed first. Indeed, plants growing in a typical traditional gravel filter bed, with water circulated using electric powerhead pumps, are in effect being grown using gravel hydroponics. Gravel is inexpensive, easy to keep clean, drains well and won't become waterlogged. However, it is also heavy, and if the system doesn't provide continuous water, the plant roots may dry out.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Brick_shards">Brick shards</span></h3>Brick shards have similar properties to gravel. They have the added disadvantages of possibly altering the pH and requiring extra cleaning before reuse.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Polystyrene_packing_peanuts">Polystyrene packing peanuts</span></h3>Polystyrene packing peanuts are inexpensive, readily available, and have excellent drainage. However, they can be too lightweight for some uses. They are mainly used in closed tube systems. Note that <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> peanuts must be used; biodegradable packing peanuts will decompose into a sludge. Plants may absorb <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Styrene">styrene</a> and pass it to their consumers; this is a possible health risk.<br /><br /><h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Wood_fiber">Wood fiber</span></h3>Wood fiber, produced from steam friction of wood, is a very efficient organic substrate for hydroponics. It has the advantage that it keeps its structure for a very long time.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nutrient_solutions">Nutrient solutions</span></h2>Plant <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nutrient">nutrients</a> used in hydroponics are dissolved in the water and are mostly in inorganic and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ion">ionic</a> form. Primary among the dissolved cations (positively charged ions) are Ca²⁺ (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium">calcium</a>), <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">Mg²⁺</span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Magnesium">magnesium</a>), and <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">K⁺</span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium">potassium</a>); the major nutrient anions in nutrient solutions are <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">NO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">−<br /><br />3</span></span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nitrate">nitrate</a>), <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">SO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">2−<br /><br />4</span></span> (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sulfate">sulfate</a>), and <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">H₂PO<span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: -0.4em;">−<br /><br />4</span></span> (dihydrogen phosphate).<br /><br />Numerous 'recipes' for hydroponic solutions are available. Many use different combinations of chemicals to reach similar total final compositions. Commonly used chemicals for the macronutrients include <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium+nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium+nitrate">calcium nitrate</a>, potassium phosphate, and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Magnesium+sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a>. Various micronutrients are typically added to hydroponic solutions to supply essential elements; among them are Fe (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Iron">iron</a>), Mn (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Manganese">manganese</a>), Cu (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Copper">copper</a>), Zn (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Zinc">zinc</a>), B (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Boron">boron</a>), Cl (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Chlorine">chlorine</a>), and Ni (<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nickel">nickel</a>). Chelating agents are sometimes used to keep Fe soluble. Many variations of the nutrient solutions used by Arnon and Hoagland (see above) have been styled 'modified Hoagland solutions' and are widely used. Variation of different mixes throughout the plant life cycle, further optimizes its nutritional value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Plants will change the composition of the nutrient solutions upon contact by depleting specific nutrients more rapidly than others, removing water from the solution, and altering the <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> by excretion of either acidity or alkalinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Care is required not to allow salt concentrations to become too high, nutrients to become too depleted, or pH to wander far from the desired value.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial">Commercial</span></h2><div class="outerpic tright" style="border-left: 15px solid white; width: 239px;"> <div class="pic" style="border: 1px solid gray; width: 224px;"><a href=""><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/thumb/3/35/Aerogarden.jpg" width="220" /><img alt="Enlarge picture" border="0" height="12" src="http://img.thefreedictionary.com/wiki/enlarge.gif" style="float: right;" width="16" /></a> <div class="imgcaption"> An Aerogarden using hydroponics and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>.</div></div></div>The largest commercial hydroponics facility in the world is Eurofresh Farms in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Willcox%2c+Arizona">Willcox, Arizona</a>, which sold 200 million kilograms of tomatoes in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Eurofresh has 318 hectares under glass and represents about a third of the commercial hydroponic greenhouse area in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Eurofresh does not consider its tomatoes organic, but they are pesticide-free. They are grown in rockwool using the run to waste technique.<br /><br />Some commercial installations use no <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pesticide">pesticides</a> or <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Herbicide">herbicides</a>, preferring integrated pest management techniques. There is often a price premium willingly paid by consumers for produce which is labeled "<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+farming">organic</a>". Some states in the USA require soil as an essential to obtain <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+certification">organic certification</a>. There are also overlapping and somewhat contradictory rules established by the US Federal Government, so some food grown with hydroponics can be certified <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Organic+farming">organic</a>.<br /><br />Hydroponics also saves water; it uses as little as <span class="frac">¹&fras1;₂₀</span> the amount as a regular farm to produce the same amount of food. The <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Water+table">water table</a> can be impacted by the water use and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Surface+runoff">run-off</a> of chemicals from farms, but hydroponics may minimize impact as well as having the advantage that water use and water returns are easier to measure. This can save the farmer money by allowing reduced water use and the ability to measure consequences to the land around a farm.<br /><br />To increase plant growth, lighting systems such as metal halide for growing stage only or high pressure sodium for growing/flowering/blooming stage are used to lengthen the day or to supplement natural sunshine if it is scarce. Metal halide emits more light in the blue spectrum, making it ideal for plant growth but is harmful to unprotected skin and can cause skin cancer. High pressure sodium emits more light in the red spectrum, meaning that it is best suited for supplementing natural sunshine and can be used throughout the growing cycle. However, these lighting systems require large amounts of electricity to operate, making efficiency and safety very critical.<br /><br />The environment in a hydroponics <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> is tightly controlled for maximum efficiency and this new mindset is called soil-less/controlled-environment agriculture (CEA). With this growers can make ultra-premium foods anywhere in the world, regardless of temperature and growing seasons. Growers monitor the temperature, humidity, and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/PH">pH</a> level constantly.<br /><br />Hydroponics have been used to enhance vegetables to provide more nutritional value. A hydroponic farmer in <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Virginia">Virginia</a> has developed a <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Potassium">potassium</a> enriched head of lettuce, scheduled to be widely available in April 2007. Grocers in test markets have said that the lettuce sells "very well", and the farmers claim that their hydroponic lettuce uses 90% less water than traditional soil farming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Advancements">Advancements</span></h2>With pest problems reduced, and nutrients constantly fed to the roots, productivity in hydroponics is high, although plant growth can be limited by the low levels of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Carbon+dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the atmosphere, or limited light exposure. To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject carbon dioxide into their environment to help growth (<span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">CO₂</span> enrichment), add lights to lengthen the day, or control vegetative growth etc.<br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li><br /><li>Folkewall</li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Grow+box">Grow box</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Growroom">Growroom</a></li><br /><li>Organoponics</li><br /><li>Passive hydroponics</li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vertical+farming">Vertical farming</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li><br /></ul><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <div class="references"> <ol><li id="cite_note-references-0">^ <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-references_0-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-references_0-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> Douglas, James S. <u>Hydroponics</u>. 5th ed. Bombay: Oxford UP, 1975. 1-3.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Turner, Bambi. "How Hydroponics Works." 20 October 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. <<a class="external free" href="http://home.howstuffworks.com/hydroponics.htm" rel="nofollow">http://home.howstuffworks.com/hydroponics.htm</a>> 17 September 2009.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/arnon/Hoagland_Arnon_Solution.pdf"><i>The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil</i></a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hydroponicsgroup.com/index.php?_a=viewDoc&docId=5">[1]</a> Hydroponics Group Industry</li><br /><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">10:49 a.m. ET (2009-03-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/">"Alfalfa Sprouts Source Of Salmonella, Experts Say - Omaha- msnbc.com"</a>. MSNBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-14</span>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Mwv_jnw6QQwC&pg=PT112&lpg=PT112&dq=verticillium+wilt+in+hydroponics&source=bl&ots=P1qhxpiqW_&sig=ikcfSN1w3c6RZEYm0jMFsF-YU4s"><i>Winterborne, J., "Hydroponics: Indoor Horticulture",Published by Pukka Press, 2005, p113</i></a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sivb.org/InVitroReport/42-2/research.htm">"Research News, "Commercial Aeroponics: The Grow Anywere Story", In Vitro Report - An Official Publication of the Society In Vitro Biology, Issue 42.2, April–June 2008"</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.biocontrols.com/aero28.html">"Stoner, R., "Aeroponics Versus Bed and Hydroponic Propagation", Florist Review, Vol 173 no.4477, September 22, 1983"</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Stoner, R.J (1983). <i>Rooting in Air.</i> Greenhouse Grower Vol I No. 11</li><br /><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.grodan.com/solutions/water+content+meter" rel="nofollow">http://www.grodan.com/solutions/water+content+meter</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.newagehydro.com/shop/faq.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.newagehydro.com/shop/faq.php</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-Growell-13"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-Growell_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.growell.co.uk/pr/60/Deep-Water-Culture-It-s-all-about-the-bubbles-.html">"Deep Water Culture"</a>. <a class="new" href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/w/index.php?title=Growell&action=edit&redlink=1">Growell</a>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://growweedeasy.com/high-yield-bubbleponics-technique">"Growing Cannabis with Bubbleponics"</a>. GrowWeedEasy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-27</span>.</span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Coston, D.C., G.W. Krewer, R.C. Owing and E.G. Denny (1983). <i>Air Rooting of Peach Semihardwood Cutting." HortScience 18(3): 323.</i></li><br /><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dutchmaster.com.au/?language=english&page=growers_guide&topic=ph_info">Understanding pH</a> DutchMaster Hydroponics</li><br /><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> Kenney, Brad P. "Success Under Glass." <u>American Vegetable Grower</u> 1 May 2006: 12-13.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> Sorenson, Dan. "Pampered tomatoes." <u>Arizona daily star</u> 23 April 2006.<a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/125882.php">[2]</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Murphy, Katie. "Farm Grows Hydroponic Lettuce." <u>The Observer</u> 1 December 2006 <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.observernews.com/stories/current/news/120106/Lettuce.shtml">[3]</a></li><br /></ol></div></div>D&T HYDROPONIC <a class="external free" href="http://dthydroponic.com/" rel="nofollow">http://dthydroponic.com</a><br /><br /><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac">Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, University of Arizona</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.makehydroponics.com/">Hydroponic Resources, Online Guide</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hydroponicsonline.com/lessons/table-of-contents.htm">Hydroponic Lesson Plans</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/soils326/hydropon.htm">Barak, P. 2002. Essential Elements for Plant Growth: Hydroponics.</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/PLS/faculty/MERLE.html">Jensen, M.H. 1997. Hydroponics. <i>HortScience</i> 32</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/hydro/hydrotoc.html"><i>Hydroponics as a Hobby: Growing Plants Without Soil.</i> University of Illinois, Circular 844</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/cpl/research_hydroponics.htm">Utah State University Hydroponics</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.schundler.com/mcmurdo.htm">Hydroponics at McMurdo Station Antarctica</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cornellcea.com/handbook_home.htm">Cornell University Commercial Hydroponic Lettuce, Spinach and Pak Choi Grower's Handbooks</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/mbr/casestudies/volume3/hydropn3.html">Hydroponics and Soilless Cultures on Artificial Substrates as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Soil Fumigation</a></li><br /><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hydroponics.eu/hydroponics-setup.asp">Essential elements for hydroponics set up</a></li><br /></ul></div><span style="font-size: 1px;"><br clear="all" /></span><div class="brand_copy">This article is copied from an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" target="_blank">article on Wikipedia®</a> - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a>.</div><br /><br /><br /><br />How to thank TFD for its existence? <a href="mailto:?subject=TheFreeDictionary&body=">Tell a friend about us</a>, add a link to this page, <a href="http://fusion.google.com/ig/sharetab?source=atgt&atr=The%20Free%20Dictionary&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/search-module.xml%26row%3D1%26sect%3D1&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/wod-module.xml%26row%3D1%26sect%3D2&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/hangman-module.xml%26row%3D1%26sect%3D3&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/history-module.xml%26row%3D2%26sect%3D1&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/spellbee-module.xml%26row%3D2%26sect%3D2&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/matchup-module.xml%26row%3D2%26sect%3D3&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/quote-module.xml%26row%3D3%26sect%3D1&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/birthday-module.xml%26row%3D3%26sect%3D2&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/article-module.xml%26row%3D3%26sect%3D3&n_32=url%3Dhttp%253A//www.thefreedictionary.com/_/WoD/news-module.xml%26row%3D4%26sect%3D1">add the site to iGoogle</a>, or visit <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lookup.htm">webmaster's page for free fun content</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br />Link to this page: <input readonly="readonly" size="87" style="direction: ltr;" value="<a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a>" /><br /><br /></div>

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5

• Previous
• Next

Hydroponics

For the Soup Dragons album, see Hydrophonic. NASA researcher checking hydroponic onions with Bibb lettuce to his left and radishes to the rightHydroponics (From the Greek words hydro, water and pono…

Read more »

Euro: CURRENCY:EURUSD quotes & news - Google Finance

<a href="http://www.google.com/finance?q=EURUSD">Euro: CURRENCY:EURUSD quotes & news - Google Finance</a>: - Sent using Google Toolbar

Euro: CURRENCY:EURUSD quotes & news - Google Finance

Euro: CURRENCY:EURUSD quotes & news - Google Finance: - Sent using Google Toolbar…

Read more »

Tentang Perlindungan Privasi

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2>Tentang Perlindungan Privasi</h2>Perlindungan privasi adalah layanan WHOIS privasi bagi pemilik nama domain yang kami sediakan melalui mitra kami.<br /> <br /> <h3>Mengapa Perlindungan Privasi?</h3>Ketika membeli nama domain Anda harus memberikan informasi kontak yang akurat atau pendaftaran domain Anda bisa dihentikan karena akan melanggar perjanjian pendaftaran.<br /> Informasi ini harus dibuat publik tersedia untuk semua orang melalui database WHOIS publik seperti yang dipersyaratkan oleh ICANN, badan internasional untuk nama domain. Setiap hari, sumber berharga informasi kontak yang akurat ditargetkan dan dipanen oleh spammer dan telemarketer menghasilkan kontak yang tidak diinginkan dan tidak diinginkan. Juga karena informasi kontak Anda adalah public, Anda beresiko untuk pencurian identitas dan penipuan dan dihubungi oleh peleceh dan penguntit.<br /> Perlindungan Privasi memastikan bahwa informasi pribadi Anda tidak dipublikasikan dengan mengganti semua rincian kontak Anda terlihat oleh umum dengan informasi kontak alternatif.<br /> <br /> <h3>Bagaimana cara kerjanya?</h3>Ketika Anda mengaktifkan Perlindungan Privasi pada nama domain, kita ganti semua rincian terlihat oleh umum Anda kontak dengan informasi kontak alternatif sehingga ketika sebuah query WHOIS dilakukan pada domain, alamat surat alternatif, alamat email dan nomor telepon akan ditampilkan. ANDA mempertahankan kepemilikan penuh dari domain dan memiliki kontrol penuh terhadap TI.<br /> <div style="margin: 7px 0pt;"><img alt="What is Privacy Protect" src="http://privacyprotect.org/ui/images/what-is-privacy-protect.gif" /></div>Siapapun yang mencoba menghubungi Anda menggunakan alamat email alternatif atau nomor telepon yang disediakan dalam database WHOIS publik akan diarahkan ke <a href="http://privacyprotect.org/#report_abuse">Form Kontak Online</a> yang pada gilirannya akan pesan email kepada Anda. Semua mail yang dikirim ke alamat surat alternatif akan ditolak.<br /> Perlindungan privasi dapat dinonaktifkan / diaktifkan setiap saat dan diberikan benar-benar <strong>GRATIS</strong></div>

Tentang Perlindungan Privasi

Tentang Perlindungan PrivasiPerlindungan privasi adalah layanan WHOIS privasi bagi pemilik nama domain yang kami sediakan melalui mitra kami. Mengapa Perlindungan Privasi?Ketika membeli nama domain An…

Read more »

topteron: Berita Resmi Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia dari Apple...

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="http://topteron.blogspot.com/2011/10/berita-resmi-steve-jobs-meninggal-dunia.html?spref=bl">topteron: Berita Resmi Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia dari Apple...</a>: Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia , Selamat Jalan Steve Jobs . Apple Inc sedang berduka pasalnya Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia pada usia nya ya...<br /> <div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"> <img alt="" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/pixy.gif?x-id=58dad668-9f7e-4061-a412-71a691d3927e" style="border: none; float: right;" /></div> </div>

topteron: Berita Resmi Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia dari Apple...

topteron: Berita Resmi Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia dari Apple...: Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia , Selamat Jalan Steve Jobs . Apple Inc sedang berduka pasalnya Steve Jobs Meninggal Dunia pada usia nya y…

Read more »

Firefox 3.6 Release Notes

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Firefox 3.6 Release Notes<i> <b>v.3.6.23, released September 27th, 2011</b></i><br /><br />Check out what’s new, the known issues and frequently asked questions about the latest version of Firefox. As always, you’re encouraged to tell us what you think, either using <a href="http://hendrix.mozilla.org/">this feedback form</a> or by <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/">filing a bug in Bugzilla</a>.<br /><br /><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">What’s New in Firefox 3.6.23</a></h3><div class="expander-content"><div class="expander-animation"><div class="expander-padding">Firefox 3.6.23 fixes the following issues found in previous versions of Firefox 3.6:<br /><br /><ul class="spaced"><li>Fixed several <a href="http://www.mozilla.org/security/known-vulnerabilities/firefox36.html#firefox3.6.23">security issues</a>.</li><br /><li>Fixed several stability issues.<a name='more'></a></li><br /></ul>Please see the <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/buglist.cgi?quicksearch=ALL%20status1.9.2%3A.23-fixed">complete list of changes</a> in this version. You may also be interested in the <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.22/releasenotes/">Firefox 3.6.22 release notes</a> for a list of changes in the previous version. </div></div></div><div class="expander-open expander-open-complete" id="requirements"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">System Requirements</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">Before installing, make sure your computer meets the <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/system-requirements/">system requirements</a>.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-odd expander-open expander-open-complete" id="downloading"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Downloading</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">Mozilla provides Firefox 3.6 for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X in a variety of languages. You can <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/all-older.html">get the latest version of Firefox 3.6 here</a>. For builds for other systems and languages not provided by Mozilla, see the Contributed Builds section at the end of this document.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-open expander-open-complete" id="install"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Installing</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">Please note that installing Firefox 3.6 <i>will overwrite</i> your existing installation of Firefox. You won’t lose any of your bookmarks or browsing history, but some of your extensions and other add-ons might not work until updates for them are made available. You can reinstall an older version later if you wish to downgrade.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-odd expander-open expander-open-complete" id="uninstall"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Uninstalling</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">You can remove Firefox 3.6 through the <span class="location-item">Control Panel</span> in the <span class="location-item">Start Menu</span> on Windows, by removing the <span class="location-item">Firefox</span> application on OS X, or by removing the <span class="location-item">firefox</span> folder on Linux.<br /><br />By default, removing Firefox 3.6 won’t remove your bookmarks, web browsing history, extensions or other add-ons. This data is stored in your <i>profile folder</i>, which can be found by going to the <i>Help</i> menu and selecting <i>Troubleshooting Information...</i>. The button next to the <i>Profile Directory</i> line in <i>Application Basics</i> will open your profile directory in your system's file explorer.<br /><br />Please note that if you keep your profile, any version of Firefox that you install after removing Firefox 3.6 will continue to use the bookmarks, web browsing history, add-ons, and other data from this profile folder.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-open expander-open-complete" id="extensions"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Extensions and Themes</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">Extensions installed under Firefox 3.5 may be incompatible and/or require updates to work with Firefox 3.6. Please report any issues to the maintainer of the extension. When you install Firefox 3.6 all of your Extensions and Themes will be disabled until Firefox 3.6 determines that either a) they are compatible with the Firefox 3.5 release or b) there are newer versions available that are compatible.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-odd expander-open expander-open-complete" id="issues"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Known Issues</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">This list covers some of the known problems with Firefox 3.6, which will be resolved in future releases:<br /><br /><dl><dt id="allsystems">All Systems</dt><br /><dd><ul class="spaced"><li>If FIPS mode is enabled and certain files have been removed from the system, the browser may crash on startup (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=522041">bug 522041</a>)</li><br /></ul></dd><br /><dt id="windows">Microsoft Windows</dt><br /><dd><ul class="spaced"><li>Content over certain Flash videos may not disappear when the video plays (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=571313">bug 571313</a>)</li><br /><li>Older Flash videos on Download.com may fail to play. CNet has been notified of the issue (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=569104">bug 569104</a>)</li><br /><li>Some slower machines may see degraded mouse responsiveness when viewing certain Flash videos (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=561818">bug 561818</a>)</li><br /></ul></dd><br /><dt id="linux">Linux and Unix</dt><br /><dd><ul class="spaced"><li>Firefox may have difficulty playing system sounds in some distributions of Linux (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=536996">bug 536996</a>)</li><br /><li>Zooming out on some sites may result in grey or black lines appearing (see <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=468496">bug 468496</a>)</li><br /></ul></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="expander-open expander-open-complete" id="troubleshooting"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Troubleshooting</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding"><ul class="spaced"><li> Poorly designed or incompatible extensions can cause problems with your browser, including make it crash, slow down page display, etc. If you encounter strange problems relating to parts of the browser no longer working, the browser not starting, windows with strange or distorted appearance, degraded performance, etc, you may be suffering from Extension or Theme trouble. Restart the browser in Safe Mode. On Windows, start using the "Safe Mode" shortcut created in your Start menu or by running <code>firefox.exe -safe-mode</code>. On Linux, start with <code>./firefox -safe-mode</code> and on Mac OS X, run: <code> cd /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/<br /><br />./firefox-bin -safe-mode </code><br /><br />When started in Safe Mode all extensions are disabled and the Default theme is used. Disable the Extension/Theme that is causing trouble and then start normally. </li><br /><li> If you uninstall an extension that is installed with your user profile (i.e. you installed it from a Web page) and then wish to install it for all user profiles using the -install-global-extension command line flag, you must restart the browser once to cleanse the profile extensions datasource of traces of that extension before installing with the switch. If you do not do this you may end up with a jammed entry in the Extensions list and will be unable to install the extension globally. </li><br /><li> If you encounter strange problems relating to bookmarks, downloads, window placement, toolbars, history, or other settings, it is recommended that you try creating a new profile and attempting to reproduce the problem before filing bugs. Create a new profile by running Firefox with the -P command line argument, choose the "Manage Profiles" button and then choose "Create Profile...". Migrate your settings files (Bookmarks, Saved Passwords, etc) over one by one, checking each time to see if the problems resurface. If you do find a particular profile data file is causing a problem, file a bug and attach the file. </li><br /></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="expander-odd expander-open expander-open-complete" id="faq"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Frequently Asked Questions</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding"><ol class="faq"><li> What can I do to help? We need help from developers and the testing community to provide as much feedback as possible to make Firefox even better. Please read these notes and the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Bug_writing_guidelines">bug filing instructions</a> before reporting any bugs to <a href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/">Bugzilla</a>. You can also give us your feedback through this <a href="http://hendrix.mozilla.org/">feedback form</a>.<br /><br /></li><br /><li> Where can I get extensions and themes (add-ons)? <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/extensions/">Extensions</a> and <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/themes/">Themes</a> can be downloaded from <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/">Firefox Add-ons</a>.<br /><br /></li><br /><li> Who makes Firefox 3.6? Lots of people. See Help->About Mozilla Firefox, Credits for a list of some of the people who have contributed to Firefox 3.6.<br /><br /></li><br /><li> Where’s the Firefox 3.6 source code? A tarball of the Firefox 3.6 source code is available for <a href="http://releases.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/3.6.23/source/">download</a>. The latest development code can be obtained through <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Mozilla_Source_Code_%28Mercurial%29">Mercurial</a>. Firefox-specific source is in mozilla-central's "browser", "toolkit", and "chrome" directories. Please follow the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/Build_Documentation">build instructions</a>.<br /><br /></li><br /><li> Where is the mail client? Firefox 3.6 works with whatever mail client is the default on your system. However, we recommend <a href="http://www.mozillamessaging.com/thunderbird/">Mozilla Thunderbird</a>, our next-generation email client and the perfect complement to Firefox.<br /><br /></li><br /></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="expander-open expander-open-complete" id="contributedbuilds"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Contributed Builds</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">These are unofficial builds and may be configured differently than the official Mozilla builds. They may also be optimized and/or tested for specific platforms. You can browse through the available contributed builds on the <a href="http://releases.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/3.6.23/contrib/">FTP site</a>.</div></div></div></div><div class="expander-odd expander-open expander-open-complete" id="links"><h3 class="expander-header"><a class="expander-anchor" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/3.6.23/releasenotes/#" title="Hide">Other Resources and Links</a></h3><div class="expander-content" style="overflow: visible;"><div class="expander-animation" style="display: block; height: auto; overflow: visible; visibility: visible;"><div class="expander-padding">The following resources contain useful information about Firefox 3.6<br /><br /><ul class="spaced"><li><a href="http://support.mozilla.com/">Firefox Support Page</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://kb.mozillazine.org/">MozillaZine's Knowledge Base</a></li><br /><li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Firefox_3.6_for_developers">Developer Information</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://code.google.com/apis/safebrowsing/firefox3_privacy.html">SafeBrowsing Service Privacy Policy</a> (for anti-phishing/anti-malware feature)</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.google.com/privacy-lsf.html">Google Geolocation Privacy Policy</a></li><br /></ul></div></div></div></div></div>

Firefox 3.6 Release Notes

Firefox 3.6 Release Notes v.3.6.23, released September 27th, 2011Check out what’s new, the known issues and frequently asked questions about the latest version of Firefox. As always, you’re encour…

Read more »

Download Firefox 3.6

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"></div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">Firefox 3.6.x will be maintained with security and stability updates for a short amount of time. All users are strongly encouraged to upgrade to the <a href="http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/">latest version of Firefox</a>.</div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://www.mozilla.org/img/covehead/firefox/background-all.png" height="257" src="http://www.mozilla.org/img/covehead/firefox/background-all.png" width="640" /></div><div id="main-feature"><h2></h2></div><div id="download-intro">Find the Firefox 3.6 release in your language.</div><div id="languages"><h3>Fully Localized Versions</h3><table class="downloads dalvay-table" summary="Firefox builds available for download."><thead><br /><tr> <th class="top-left" colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Version</th> <th><span class="download-windows">Windows</span></th> <th><span class="download-osx">Mac OS X</span></th> <th class="top-right"><span class="download-linux">Linux</span></th> </tr><br /></thead> <tfoot><br /><tr> <td class="bottom-left"><br /><br /></td> <td colspan="4"><br /><br /></td> <td class="bottom-right"><br /><br /></td> </tr><br /></tfoot> <tbody><br /><tr class="odd" id="af"> <td class="left">Afrikaans</td> <td class="second" lang="af">Afrikaans</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=af">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=af">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=af">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="sq"> <td class="left">Albanian</td> <td class="second" lang="sq">Shqip</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=sq">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=sq">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=sq">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="ar"> <td class="left">Arabic</td> <td class="second" lang="ar">عربي</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ar">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ar">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ar">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="as"> <td class="left">Assamese</td> <td class="second" lang="as">অসমীয়া</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=as">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=as">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=as">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="eu"> <td class="left">Basque</td> <td class="second" lang="eu">Euskara</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=eu">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=eu">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=eu">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="be"> <td class="left">Belarusian</td> <td class="second" lang="be">Беларуская</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=be">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=be">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=be">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="bn-BD"> <td class="left">Bengali (Bangladesh)</td> <td class="second" lang="bn-BD">বাংলা (বাংলাদেশ)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=bn-BD">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=bn-BD">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=bn-BD">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="bn-IN"> <td class="left">Bengali (India)</td> <td class="second" lang="bn-IN">বাংলা (ভারত)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=bn-IN">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=bn-IN">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=bn-IN">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="bg"> <td class="left">Bulgarian</td> <td class="second" lang="bg">Български</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=bg">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=bg">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=bg">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ca"> <td class="left">Catalan</td> <td class="second" lang="ca">català</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ca">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ca">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ca">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="zh-CN"> <td class="left">Chinese (Simplified)</td> <td class="second" lang="zh-CN">中文 (简体)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=zh-CN">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=zh-CN">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=zh-CN">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="zh-TW"> <td class="left">Chinese (Traditional)</td> <td class="second" lang="zh-TW">正體中文 (繁體)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=zh-TW">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=zh-TW">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=zh-TW">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="hr"> <td class="left">Croatian</td> <td class="second" lang="hr">Hrvatski</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=hr">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=hr">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=hr">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="cs"> <td class="left">Czech</td> <td class="second" lang="cs">Čeština</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=cs">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=cs">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=cs">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="da"> <td class="left">Danish</td> <td class="second" lang="da">Dansk</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=da">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=da">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=da">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="nl"> <td class="left">Dutch</td> <td class="second" lang="nl">Nederlands</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=nl">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=nl">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=nl">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="en-GB"> <td class="left">English (British)</td> <td class="second" lang="en-GB">English (British)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=en-GB">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=en-GB">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=en-GB">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="en-US"> <td class="left">English (US)</td> <td class="second" lang="en-US">English (US)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=en-US">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=en-US">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=en-US">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="eo"> <td class="left">Esperanto</td> <td class="second" lang="eo">Esperanto</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=eo">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=eo">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=eo">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="et"> <td class="left">Estonian</td> <td class="second" lang="et">Eesti keel</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=et">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=et">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=et">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="fi"> <td class="left">Finnish</td> <td class="second" lang="fi">suomi</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=fi">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=fi">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=fi">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="fr"> <td class="left">French</td> <td class="second" lang="fr">Français</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=fr">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=fr">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=fr">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="fy-NL"> <td class="left">Frisian</td> <td class="second" lang="fy-NL">Frysk</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=fy-NL">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=fy-NL">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=fy-NL">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="gl"> <td class="left">Galician</td> <td class="second" lang="gl">Galego</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=gl">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=gl">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=gl">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="ka"> <td class="left">Georgian</td> <td class="second" lang="ka">ქართული</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ka">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ka">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ka">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="de"> <td class="left">German</td> <td class="second" lang="de">Deutsch</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=de">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=de">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=de">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="el"> <td class="left">Greek</td> <td class="second" lang="el">Ελληνικά</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=el">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=el">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=el">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="gu-IN"> <td class="left">Gujarati</td> <td class="second" lang="gu-IN">ગુજરાતી</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=gu-IN">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=gu-IN">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=gu-IN">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="he"> <td class="left">Hebrew</td> <td class="second" lang="he">עברית</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=he">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=he">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=he">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="hi-IN"> <td class="left">Hindi (India)</td> <td class="second" lang="hi-IN">हिन्दी (भारत)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=hi-IN">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=hi-IN">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=hi-IN">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="hu"> <td class="left">Hungarian</td> <td class="second" lang="hu">Magyar</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=hu">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=hu">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=hu">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="is"> <td class="left">Icelandic</td> <td class="second" lang="is">íslenska</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=is">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=is">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=is">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="id"> <td class="left">Indonesian</td> <td class="second" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=id">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=id">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=id">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ga-IE"> <td class="left">Irish (Ireland)</td> <td class="second" lang="ga-IE">Gaeilge (Éire)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ga-IE">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ga-IE">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ga-IE">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="it"> <td class="left">Italian</td> <td class="second" lang="it">Italiano</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=it">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=it">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=it">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ja"> <td class="left">Japanese</td> <td class="second" lang="ja">日本語</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ja">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ja-JP-mac">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ja">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="kn"> <td class="left">Kannada</td> <td class="second" lang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=kn">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=kn">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=kn">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ko"> <td class="left">Korean</td> <td class="second" lang="ko">한국어</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ko">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ko">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ko">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="lv"> <td class="left">Latvian</td> <td class="second" lang="lv">Latviešu</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=lv">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=lv">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=lv">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="lt"> <td class="left">Lithuanian</td> <td class="second" lang="lt">lietuvių kalba</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=lt">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=lt">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=lt">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="mk"> <td class="left">Macedonian</td> <td class="second" lang="mk">Македонски</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=mk">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=mk">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=mk">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ml"> <td class="left">Malayalam</td> <td class="second" lang="ml">മലയാളം</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ml">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ml">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ml">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="mr"> <td class="left">Marathi</td> <td class="second" lang="mr">मराठी</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=mr">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=mr">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=mr">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="nb-NO"> <td class="left">Norwegian (Bokmål)</td> <td class="second" lang="nb-NO">Norsk bokmål</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=nb-NO">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=nb-NO">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=nb-NO">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="nn-NO"> <td class="left">Norwegian (Nynorsk)</td> <td class="second" lang="nn-NO">Norsk nynorsk</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=nn-NO">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=nn-NO">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=nn-NO">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="oc"> <td class="left">Occitan (Lengadocian)</td> <td class="second" lang="oc">occitan (lengadocian)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=oc">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=oc">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=oc">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="fa"> <td class="left">Persian</td> <td class="second" lang="fa">فارسی</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=fa">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=fa">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=fa">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="pl"> <td class="left">Polish</td> <td class="second" lang="pl">Polski</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=pl">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=pl">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=pl">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="pt-BR"> <td class="left">Portuguese (Brazilian)</td> <td class="second" lang="pt-BR">Português (do Brasil)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=pt-BR">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=pt-BR">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=pt-BR">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="pt-PT"> <td class="left">Portuguese (Portugal)</td> <td class="second" lang="pt-PT">Português (Europeu)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=pt-PT">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=pt-PT">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=pt-PT">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="pa-IN"> <td class="left">Punjabi</td> <td class="second" lang="pa-IN">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=pa-IN">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=pa-IN">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=pa-IN">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ro"> <td class="left">Romanian</td> <td class="second" lang="ro">română</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ro">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ro">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ro">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="ru"> <td class="left">Russian</td> <td class="second" lang="ru">Русский</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ru">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ru">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ru">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="sr"> <td class="left">Serbian</td> <td class="second" lang="sr">Српски</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=sr">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=sr">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=sr">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="si"> <td class="left">Sinhala</td> <td class="second" lang="si">සිංහල</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=si">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=si">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=si">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="sk"> <td class="left">Slovak</td> <td class="second" lang="sk">slovenčina</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=sk">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=sk">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=sk">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="sl"> <td class="left">Slovenian</td> <td class="second" lang="sl">Slovenščina</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=sl">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=sl">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=sl">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="es-AR"> <td class="left">Spanish (Argentina)</td> <td class="second" lang="es-AR">Español (de Argentina)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=es-AR">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=es-AR">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=es-AR">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="es-CL"> <td class="left">Spanish (Chile)</td> <td class="second" lang="es-CL">Español (de Chile)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=es-CL">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=es-CL">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=es-CL">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="es-MX"> <td class="left">Spanish (Mexico)</td> <td class="second" lang="es-MX">Español (de México)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=es-MX">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=es-MX">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=es-MX">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="es-ES"> <td class="left">Spanish (Spain)</td> <td class="second" lang="es-ES">Español (de España)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=es-ES">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=es-ES">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=es-ES">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="sv-SE"> <td class="left">Swedish</td> <td class="second" lang="sv-SE">Svenska</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=sv-SE">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=sv-SE">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=sv-SE">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="te"> <td class="left">Telugu</td> <td class="second" lang="te">తెలుగు</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=te">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=te">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=te">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="th"> <td class="left">Thai</td> <td class="second" lang="th">ไทย</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=th">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=th">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=th">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="tr"> <td class="left">Turkish</td> <td class="second" lang="tr">Türkçe</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=tr">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=tr">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=tr">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="uk"> <td class="left">Ukrainian</td> <td class="second" lang="uk">Українська</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=uk">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=uk">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=uk">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="vi"> <td class="left">Vietnamese</td> <td class="second" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=vi">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=vi">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=vi">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="cy"> <td class="left">Welsh</td> <td class="second" lang="cy">Cymraeg</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=cy">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=cy">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=cy">Download</a></td> </tr><br /></tbody> </table></div><div id="beta_versions"><h3 class="lang-title">New Localized Builds</h3>These localized builds are in beta and may contain translation errors.<br /><br /><table class="downloads dalvay-table" summary="Firefox builds available for download."><thead><br /><tr> <th class="top-left" colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Version</th> <th><span class="download-windows">Windows</span></th> <th><span class="download-osx">Mac OS X</span></th> <th class="top-right"><span class="download-linux">Linux</span></th> </tr><br /></thead> <tfoot><br /><tr> <td class="bottom-left"><br /><br /></td> <td colspan="4"><br /><br /></td> <td class="bottom-right"><br /><br /></td> </tr><br /></tfoot> <tbody><br /><tr class="odd" id="kk"> <td class="left">Kazakh</td> <td class="second" lang="kk">Қазақ</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=kk">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=kk">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=kk">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ku"> <td class="left">Kurdish</td> <td class="second" lang="ku">Kurdî</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ku">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ku">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ku">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="or"> <td class="left">Oriya</td> <td class="second" lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=or">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=or">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=or">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="rm"> <td class="left">Romansh</td> <td class="second" lang="rm">rumantsch</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=rm">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=rm">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=rm">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="odd" id="ta"> <td class="left">Tamil</td> <td class="second" lang="ta">தமிழ்</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ta">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ta">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ta">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="ta-LK"> <td class="left">Tamil (Sri Lanka)</td> <td class="second" lang="ta-LK">தமிழ் (இலங்கை)</td> <td>3.6.23</td> <td><a class="download-windows" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=win&lang=ta-LK">Download</a></td> <td><a class="download-osx" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=osx&lang=ta-LK">Download</a></td> <td class="right"><a class="download-linux" href="http://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-3.6.23&os=linux&lang=ta-LK">Download</a></td> </tr><br /></tbody> </table></div><h3>Language Packs</h3>Mozilla offers download links to the following language add-ons built by the open source community. These are not full installs of Firefox 3.6 and thus require you to have Firefox 3.6 already.<br /><br /><table class="dalvay-table" summary="Language add-ons built by the open source community."><thead><br /><tr> <th class="top-left" colspan="2">Language</th> <th class="top-right">Download</th> </tr><br /></thead> <tfoot><br /><tr> <td class="bottom-left" colspan="2"><br /><br /></td> <td class="bottom-right"><br /><br /></td> </tr><br /></tfoot> <tbody><br /><tr class="odd" id="furlan"> <td class="left">Friulian</td> <td class="second" lang="fur">Furlan</td> <td class="right"><a href="http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/lang-packs/friulian.html">Download</a></td> </tr><br /><tr class="even" id="tatar"> <td class="left">Tatar</td> <td class="second" lang="tt">Tatarça</td> <td class="right"><a href="http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/lang-packs/tatar.html">Download</a></td></tr><br /></tbody></table></div>

Download Firefox 3.6

Firefox 3.6.x will be maintained with security and stability updates for a short amount of time. All users are strongly encouraged to upgrade to the latest version of Firefox.Find the Firefox 3.6 re…

Read more »